Professor Philip Evans

Professor

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Further information

Publications

Journal articles

  • Davies GA, Clowes P, McQuaid D, Evans PM, Webb S, Poludniowski G. (2013) 'An experimental comparison of conventional two-bank and novel four-bank dynamic MLC tracking.'. Phys Med Biol, England: 58 (5), pp. 1635-1648.
    doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/58/5/1635
  • Kirby AM, Crowley C, Jena R, Gregory DL, Coles CE, Harris EJ, Evans PM. (2013) 'Tumour bed delineation for partial breast/breast boost radiotherapy: What is the optimal number of implanted markers?'. Radiotherapy and Oncology,
    doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2013.02.003
  • Juneja P, Harris EJ, Kirby AM, Evans PM. (2012) 'Adaptive Breast Radiation Therapy Using Modeling of Tissue Mechanics: A Breast Tissue Segmentation Study'. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS, 84 (3), pp. E419-E425.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.05.014
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/740704/
  • Donovan EM, James H, Bonora M, Yarnold JR, Evans PM. (2012) 'Second cancer incidence risk estimates using BEIR VII models for standard and complex external beam radiotherapy for early breast cancer'. Medical Physics, 39 (10), pp. 5814-5824.
    doi: 10.1118/1.4748332
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/737008/

    Abstract

    Purpose: To compare organ specific cancer incidence risks for standard and complex external beam radiotherapy (including cone beam CT verification) following breast conservation surgery for early breast cancer. Method: Doses from breast radiotherapy and kilovoltage cone beam CT (CBCT) exposures were obtained from thermoluminescent dosimeter measurements in an anthropomorphic phantom in which the positions of radiosensitive organs were delineated. Five treatment deliveries were investigated: (i) conventional tangential field whole breast radiotherapy (WBRT), (ii) noncoplanar conformal delivery applicable to accelerated partial beast irradiation (APBI), (iii) two-volume simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) treatment, (iv) forward planned three-volume SIB, and (v) inverse-planned three volume SIB. Conformal and intensity modulated radiotherapy methods were used to plan the complex treatments. Techniques spanned the range from simple methods appropriate for patient cohorts with a low cancer recurrence risk to complex plans relevant to cohorts with high recurrence risk. Delineated organs at risk included brain, salivary glands, thyroid, contralateral breast, left and right lung, esophagus, stomach, liver, colon, and bladder. Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) VII cancer incidence models were applied to the measured mean organ doses to determine lifetime attributable risk (LAR) for ages at exposure from 35 to 80 yr according to radiotherapy techniques, and included dose from the CBCT imaging. Results: All LAR decreased with age at exposure and were lowest for brain, thyroid, liver, and bladder (<0.1%). There was little dependence of LAR on radiotherapy technique for these organs and for colon and stomach. LAR values for the lungs for the three SIB techniques were two to three times those from WBRT and APBI. Uncertainties in the LAR models outweigh any differences in lung LAR between the SIB methods. Constraints in the planning of the SIB methods ensured that contralateral breast doses and LAR were comparable to WBRT, despite their added complexity. The smaller irradiated volume of the ABPI plan contributed to a halving of LAR for contralateral breast compared with the other plan types. Daily image guided radiotherapy (IGRT) for a left breast protocol using kilovoltage CBCT contributed <10% to LAR for the majority of organs, and did not exceed 22% of total organ dose. Conclusions: Phantom measurements and calculations of LAR from the BEIR VII models p

  • Mukesh M, Harris E, Jena R, Evans P, Coles C. (2012) 'Relationship between irradiated breast volume and late normal tissue complications: A systematic review'. ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD RADIOTHERAPY AND ONCOLOGY, 104 (1), pp. 1-10.
    doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2012.04.025
  • Harris EJ, Donovan EM, Coles CE, de Boer HCJ, Poynter A, Rawlings C, Wishart GC, Evans PM. (2012) 'How does imaging frequency and soft tissue motion affect the PTV margin size in partial breast and boost radiotherapy?'. RADIOTHERAPY AND ONCOLOGY, 103 (2), pp. 166-171.
    doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2012.03.015
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/738720/
  • Poludniowski GG, Evans PM, Webb S. (2012) 'Cone Beam Computed Tomography Number Errors and Consequences for Radiotherapy Planning: An Investigation of Correction Methods'. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics,
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.02.019
  • Bell MA, Byram BC, Harris EJ, Evans PM, Bamber JC. (2012) 'In vivo liver tracking with a high volume rate 4D ultrasound scanner and a 2D matrix array probe.'. IOP PUBLISHING LTD Phys Med Biol, England: 57 (5), pp. 1359-1374.
    doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/57/5/1359
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/738725/

    Abstract

    The effectiveness of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is compromised by involuntary motion (e.g. respiration, cardiac activity). The feasibility of processing ultrasound echo data to automatically estimate 3D liver motion for real-time IMRT guidance was previously demonstrated, but performance was limited by an acquisition speed of 2 volumes per second due to hardware restrictions of a mechanical linear array probe. Utilizing a 2D matrix array probe with parallel receive beamforming offered increased acquisition speeds and an opportunity to investigate the benefits of higher volume rates. In vivo livers of three volunteers were scanned with and without respiratory motion at volume rates of 24 and 48 Hz, respectively. Respiration was suspended via voluntary breath hold. Correlation-based, phase-sensitive 3D speckle tracking was applied to consecutively acquired volumes of echo data. Volumes were omitted at fixed intervals and 3D speckle tracking was re-applied to study the effect of lower scan rates. Results revealed periodic motion that corresponded with the heart rate or breathing cycle in the absence or presence of respiration, respectively. For cardiac-induced motion, volume rates for adequate tracking ranged from 8 to 12 Hz and was limited by frequency discrepancies between tracking estimates from higher and lower frequency scan rates. Thus, the scan rate of volume data acquired without respiration was limited by the need to sample the frequency induced by the beating heart. In respiratory-dominated motion, volume rate limits ranged from 4 to 12 Hz, interpretable from the root-mean-squared deviation (RMSD) from tracking estimates at 24 Hz. While higher volume rates yielded RMSD values less than 1 mm in most cases, lower volume rates yielded RMSD values of 2-6 mm.

  • Gulliford SL, Partridge M, Sydes MR, Webb S, Evans PM, Dearnaley DP. (2012) 'Parameters for the Lyman Kutcher Burman (LKB) model of Normal Tissue Complication Probability (NTCP) for specific rectal complications observed in clinical practise'. RADIOTHERAPY AND ONCOLOGY, 102 (3), pp. 347-351.
    doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2011.10.022
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/738726/
  • Roberts DA, Hansen VN, Thompson MG, Poludniowski G, Niven A, Seco J, Evans PM. (2012) 'Kilovoltage energy imaging with a radiotherapy linac with a continuously variable energy range'. AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS MEDICAL PHYSICS, 39 (3), pp. 1218-1226.
    doi: 10.1118/1.3681011
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/738608/
  • Poludniowski G, Webb S, Evans PM. (2012) 'Technical note: suppression of artifacts arising from simultaneous cone-beam imaging and RF transponder tracking in prostate radiotherapy.'. American Association of Physicists in Medicine Med Phys, United States: 39 (3), pp. 1646-1649.
    doi: 10.1118/1.3689809
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/738727/

    Abstract

    Artifacts in treatment-room cone-beam reconstructions have been observed at the authors' center when cone-beam acquisition is simultaneous with radio frequency (RF) transponder tracking using the Calypso 4D system (Calypso Medical, Seattle, WA). These artifacts manifest as CT-number modulations and increased CT-noise. The authors present a method for the suppression of the artifacts.

  • McNair HA, Kavanagh A, Powell C, Symonds-Tayler JRN, Brada M, Evans PM. (2012) 'Fluoroscopy as a surrogate for lung tumour motion'. BRITISH JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY, 85 (1010), pp. 168-175.
    doi: 10.1259/bjr/14026195
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/737009/
  • Harris EJ, Miller NR, Bamber JC, Symonds-Tayler JR, Evans PM. (2011) 'The effect of object speed and direction on the performance of 3D speckle tracking using a 3D swept-volume ultrasound probe.'. Institute of Physics Phys Med Biol, England: 56 (22), pp. 7127-7143.
    doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/56/22/009
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/738728/

    Abstract

    Three-dimensional (3D) soft tissue tracking using 3D ultrasound is of interest for monitoring organ motion during therapy. Previously we demonstrated feature tracking of respiration-induced liver motion in vivo using a 3D swept-volume ultrasound probe. The aim of this study was to investigate how object speed affects the accuracy of tracking ultrasonic speckle in the absence of any structural information, which mimics the situation in homogenous tissue for motion in the azimuthal and elevational directions. For object motion prograde and retrograde to the sweep direction of the transducer, the spatial sampling frequency increases or decreases with object speed, respectively. We examined the effect object motion direction of the transducer on tracking accuracy. We imaged a homogenous ultrasound speckle phantom whilst moving the probe with linear motion at a speed of 0-35 mm s⁻¹. Tracking accuracy and precision were investigated as a function of speed, depth and direction of motion for fixed displacements of 2 and 4 mm. For the azimuthal direction, accuracy was better than 0.1 and 0.15 mm for displacements of 2 and 4 mm, respectively. For a 2 mm displacement in the elevational direction, accuracy was better than 0.5 mm for most speeds. For 4 mm elevational displacement with retrograde motion, accuracy and precision reduced with speed and tracking failure was observed at speeds of greater than 14 mm s⁻¹. Tracking failure was attributed to speckle de-correlation as a result of decreasing spatial sampling frequency with increasing speed of retrograde motion. For prograde motion, tracking failure was not observed. For inter-volume displacements greater than 2 mm, only prograde motion should be tracked which will decrease temporal resolution by a factor of 2. Tracking errors of the order of 0.5 mm for prograde motion in the elevational direction indicates that using the swept probe technology speckle tracking accuracy is currently too poor to track homogenous tissue over a series of volume images as these errors will accumulate. Improvements could be made through increased spatial sampling in the elevational direction.

  • Kavanagh A, McQuaid D, Evans P, Webb S, Guckenberger M. (2011) 'Dosimetric consequences of inter-fraction breathing-pattern variation on radiotherapy with personalized motion-assessed margins.'. Phys Med Biol, England: 56 (22), pp. 7033-7043.
    doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/56/22/003
  • Osmond JP, Zin HM, Harris EJ, Lupica G, Allinson NM, Evans PM. (2011) 'Imaging of moving fiducial markers during radiotherapy using a fast, efficient active pixel sensor based EPID.'. American Association of Physicists in Medicine Medical Physics, United States: 38 (11), pp. 6152-6159.
    doi: 10.1118/1.3651632
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/738729/

    Abstract

    The purpose of this work was to investigate the use of an experimental complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) active pixel sensor (APS) for tracking of moving fiducial markers during radiotherapy.

  • Brock J, McNair HA, Panakis N, Symonds-Tayler R, Evans PM, Brada M. (2011) 'THE USE OF THE ACTIVE BREATHING COORDINATOR THROUGHOUT RADICAL NON SMALL-CELL LUNG CANCER (NSCLC) RADIOTHERAPY'. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS, 81 (2), pp. 369-375.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.05.038
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/738730/
  • Kirby AM, Evans PM, Helyer SJ, Donovan EM, Convery HM, Yarnold JR. (2011) 'A randomised trial of Supine versus Prone breast radiotherapy (SuPr study): Comparing set-up errors and respiratory motion'. RADIOTHERAPY AND ONCOLOGY, 100 (2), pp. 221-226.
    doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2010.11.005
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/738732/
  • Roberts DA, Hansen VN, Thompson MG, Poludniowski G, Niven A, Seco J, Evans PM. (2011) 'Comparative study of a low-Z cone-beam computed tomography system.'. Institute of Physics Phys Med Biol, England: 56 (14), pp. 4453-4464.
    doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/56/14/014
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/738609/

    Abstract

    Computed tomography images have been acquired using an experimental (low atomic number (Z) insert) megavoltage cone-beam imaging system. These images have been compared with standard megavoltage and kilovoltage imaging systems. The experimental system requires a simple modification to the 4 MeV electron beam from an Elekta Precise linac. Low-energy photons are produced in the standard medium-Z electron window and a low-Z carbon electron absorber located after the window. The carbon electron absorber produces photons as well as ensuring that all remaining electrons from the source are removed. A detector sensitive to diagnostic x-ray energies is also employed. Quantitative assessment of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) contrast shows that the low-Z imaging system is an order of magnitude or more superior to a standard 6 MV imaging system. CBCT data with the same contrast-to-noise ratio as a kilovoltage imaging system (0.15 cGy) can be obtained in doses of 11 and 244 cGy for the experimental and standard 6 MV systems, respectively. Whilst these doses are high for everyday imaging, qualitative images indicate that kilovoltage like images suitable for patient positioning can be acquired in radiation doses of 1-8 cGy with the experimental low-Z system.

  • Poludniowski G, Evans PM, Kavanagh A, Webb S. (2011) 'Removal and effects of scatter-glare in cone-beam CT with an amorphous-silicon flat-panel detector.'. Institute of Physics Phys Med Biol, England: 56 (6), pp. 1837-1851.
    doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/56/6/019
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/738734/

    Abstract

    Scatter in a detector and its housing can result in image degradation. Typically, such scatter leads to a low-spatial frequency 'glare' superimposed on the primary signal. We infer the glare-spread function (GSF) of an amorphous-silicon flat-panel detector via an edge-spread technique. We demonstrate that this spread (referred to as 'scatter-glare' herein) causes a low-spatial frequency drop in the associated modulation-transfer function. This results in a compression of the range of reconstructed CT (computed tomography) numbers and is an impediment to accurate CT-number calibration. We show that it can also lead to visual artefacts. This explains previously unresolved CT-number discrepancies in an earlier work (Poludniowski et al 2009 Phys. Med. Biol. 54 3847). We demonstrate that after deconvolving the GSF from the projection images, in conjunction with a correction for phantom-scatter, the CT-number discrepancies disappear. We show results for an in-house-built phantom with inserts of tissue-equivalent materials and for a patient scan. We conclude that where scatter-glare has not been accounted for, the calibration of cone-beam CT numbers to material density will be compromised. The scatter-glare measurement method we propose is simple and requires no special equipment. The deconvolution process is also straightforward and relatively quick (60 ms per projection on a desktop PC).

  • Esposito M, Anaxagoras T, Fant A, Wells K, Konstantinidis A, Osmond JPF, Evans PM, Speller RD, Allinson NM. (2011) 'DynAMITe: A wafer scale sensor for biomedical applications'. IOP Publishing Journal of Instrumentation, 6 (12) Article number C12064
    doi: 10.1088/1748-0221/6/12/C12064
  • Poludniowski G, Thomas MD, Evans PM, Webb S. (2010) 'CT reconstruction from portal images acquired during volumetric-modulated arc therapy.'. Institute of Physics Phys Med Biol, England: 55 (19), pp. 5635-5651.
    doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/55/19/002
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/738738/

    Abstract

    Volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT), a form of intensity-modulated arc therapy (IMAT), has become a topic of research and clinical activity in recent years. As a form of arc therapy, portal images acquired during the treatment fraction form a (partial) Radon transform of the patient. We show that these portal images, when used in a modified global cone-beam filtered backprojection (FBP) algorithm, allow a surprisingly recognizable CT-volume to be reconstructed. The possibility of distinguishing anatomy in such VMAT-CT reconstructions suggests that this could prove to be a valuable treatment position-verification tool. Further, some potential for local-tomography techniques to improve image quality is shown.

  • Zin HM, Konstantinidis AC, Harris EJ, Osmond JPF, Olivo A, Bohndiek SE, Clark AT, Turchetta R, Guerrini N, Crooks J, Allinson NM, Speller R, Evans PM. (2010) 'Characterisation of regional variations in a stitched CMOS active pixel sensor'. NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT, 620 (2-3), pp. 540-548.
    doi: 10.1016/j.nima.2010.02.269
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/737010/
  • Kirby AM, Evans PM, Donovan EM, Convery HM, Haviland JS, Yarnold JR. (2010) 'Prone versus supine positioning for whole and partial-breast radiotherapy: A comparison of non-target tissue dosimetry'. RADIOTHERAPY AND ONCOLOGY, 96 (2), pp. 178-184.
    doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2010.05.014
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/738739/
  • Harris EJ, Miller NR, Bamber JC, Symonds-Tayler JR, Evans PM. (2010) 'Speckle tracking in a phantom and feature-based tracking in liver in the presence of respiratory motion using 4D ultrasound.'. Phys Med Biol, England: 55 (12), pp. 3363-3380.
    doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/55/12/007
  • Evans PM, Symonds-Tayler JR, Colgan R, Hugo GD, Letts N, Sandin C. (2010) 'Gating characteristics of an Elekta radiotherapy treatment unit measured with three types of detector.'. Institute of Physics Phys Med Biol, England: 55 (8), pp. N201-N210.
    doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/55/8/N02
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/738742/

    Abstract

    The characteristics of an Elekta Precise treatment machine with a gating interface were investigated. Three detectors were used: a Farmer ionization chamber, a MatriXX ionization chamber array and an in-house, single pulse-measurement ionization chamber (IVC). Measurements were made of dosimetric accuracy, flatness and symmetry characteristics and duty cycle for a range of beam-on times and gating periods. Results were compared with a standard ungated delivery as a reference. For all beam-on times, down to 0.5 s, dosimetric differences were below +/-1% and flatness and symmetry parameter variations were below +/-1.5%. For the shorter beam-on times the in-house detector deviated from the other two detectors, suggesting that this device should be used in conjunction with other detectors for absolute dosimetry purposes. However, it was found to be useful for studying gated beam characteristics pulse by pulse.

  • Gulliford SL, Foo K, Morgan RC, Aird EG, Bidmead AM, Critchley H, Evans PM, Gianolini S, Mayles WP, Moore AR, Sanchez-Nieto B, Partridge M, Sydes MR, Webb S, Dearnaley DP. (2010) 'DOSE-VOLUME CONSTRAINTS TO REDUCE RECTAL SIDE EFFECTS FROM PROSTATE RADIOTHERAPY: EVIDENCE FROM MRC RT01 TRIAL ISRCTN 47772397'. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS, 76 (3), pp. 747-754.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.02.025
  • Kirby AM, Evans PM, Nerurkar AY, Desai SS, Krupa J, Devalia H, della Rovere GQ, Harris EJ, Kyriakidou J, Yarnold JR. (2010) 'How does knowledge of three-dimensional excision margins following breast conservation surgery impact upon clinical target volume definition for partial-breast radiotherapy?'. ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD RADIOTHERAPY AND ONCOLOGY, 94 (3), pp. 292-299.
    doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2009.11.002
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/738902/
  • Perrin R, Evans PM, Webb S, Partridge M. (2010) 'The use of PET images for radiotherapy treatment planning: An error analysis using radiobiological endpoints'. MEDICAL PHYSICS, 37 (2), pp. 516-531.
    doi: 10.1118/1.3276776
  • McNair HA, Brock J, Symonds-Taylor JRN, Ashley S, Eagle S, Evans PM, Kavanagh A, Panakis N, Brada M. (2009) 'Feasibility of the use of the Active Breathing Co ordinator (TM) (ABC) in patients receiving radical radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)'. Elsevier RADIOTHERAPY AND ONCOLOGY, 93 (3), pp. 424-429.
    doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2009.09.012
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/739994/
  • Poludniowski G, Evans PM, Webb S. (2009) 'Rayleigh scatter in kilovoltage x-ray imaging: is the independent atom approximation good enough?'. Institute of Physics Physics in Medicine and Biology, England: 54 (22), pp. 6931-6942.
    doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/54/22/012
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/739073/

    Abstract

    Monte Carlo simulation is the gold standard method for modelling scattering processes in medical x-ray imaging. General-purpose Monte Carlo codes, however, typically use the independent atom approximation (IAA). This is known to be inaccurate for Rayleigh scattering, for many materials, in the forward direction. This work addresses whether the IAA is sufficient for the typical modelling tasks in medical kilovoltage x-ray imaging. As a means of comparison, we incorporate a more realistic 'interference function' model into a custom-written Monte Carlo code. First, we conduct simulations of scatter from isolated voxels of soft tissue, adipose, cortical bone and spongiosa. Then, we simulate scatter profiles from a cylinder of water and from phantoms of a patient's head, thorax and pelvis, constructed from diagnostic-quality CT data sets. Lastly, we reconstruct CT numbers from simulated sets of projection images and investigate the quantitative effects of the approximation. We show that the IAA can produce errors of several per cent of the total scatter, across a projection image, for typical x-ray beams and patients. The errors in reconstructed CT number, however, for the phantoms simulated, were small (typically < 10 HU). The IAA can therefore be considered sufficient for the modelling of scatter correction in CT imaging. Where accurate quantitative estimates of scatter in individual projection images are required, however, the appropriate interference functions should be included.

  • Poludniowski G, Landry G, DeBlois F, Evans PM, Verhaegen F. (2009) 'SpekCalc: a program to calculate photon spectra from tungsten anode x-ray tubes.'. Institute of Physics Physics in Medicine and Biology, England: 54 (19), pp. N433-N438.
    doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/54/19/N01
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/739074/

    Abstract

    A software program, SpekCalc, is presented for the calculation of x-ray spectra from tungsten anode x-ray tubes. SpekCalc was designed primarily for use in a medical physics context, for both research and education purposes, but may also be of interest to those working with x-ray tubes in industry. Noteworthy is the particularly wide range of tube potentials (40-300 kVp) and anode angles (recommended: 6-30 degrees) that can be modelled: the program is therefore potentially of use to those working in superficial/orthovoltage radiotherapy, as well as diagnostic radiology. The utility is free to download and is based on a deterministic model of x-ray spectrum generation (Poludniowski 2007 Med. Phys. 34 2175). Filtration can be applied for seven materials (air, water, Be, Al, Cu, Sn and W). In this note SpekCalc is described and illustrative examples are shown. Predictions are compared to those of a state-of-the-art Monte Carlo code (BEAMnrc) and, where possible, to an alternative, widely-used, spectrum calculation program (IPEM78).

  • Bohndiek SE, Blue A, Cabello J, Clark AT, Guerrini N, Evans PM, Harris EJ, Konstantinidis A, Maneuski D, Osmond J, O'Shea V, Speller RD, Turchetta R, Wells K, Zin H, Allinson NM. (2009) 'Characterization and Testing of LAS: A Prototype 'Large Area Sensor' With Performance Characteristics Suitable for Medical Imaging Applications'. IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE, 56 (5), pp. 2938-2946.
    doi: 10.1109/TNS.2009.2029575
  • Harris EJ, Symonds-Taylor R, Treece GM, Gee AH, Prager RW, Brabants P, Evans PM. (2009) 'Evaluation of a three-dimensional ultrasound localisation system incorporating probe pressure correction for use in partial breast irradiation.'. British Institute of Radiology Br J Radiol, England: 82 (982), pp. 839-846.
    doi: 10.1259/bjr/52611898
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/739015/

    Abstract

    This work evaluates a three-dimensional (3D) freehand ultrasound-based localisation system with new probe pressure correction for use in partial breast irradiation. Accuracy and precision of absolute position measurement was measured as a function of imaging depth (ID), object depth, scanning direction and time using a water phantom containing crossed wires. To quantify the improvement in accuracy due to pressure correction, 3D scans of a breast phantom containing ball bearings were obtained with and without pressure. Ball bearing displacements were then measured with and without pressure correction. Using a single scan direction (for all imaging depths), the mean error was <1.3 mm, with the exception of the wires at 68.5 mm imaged with an ID of 85 mm, which gave a mean error of -2.3 mm. Precision was greater than 1 mm for any single scan direction. For multiple scan directions, precision was within 1.7 mm. Probe pressure corrections of between 0 mm and 2.2 mm have been observed for pressure displacements of 1.1 mm to 4.2 mm. Overall, anteroposterior position measurement accuracy increased from 2.2 mm to 1.6 mm and to 1.4 mm for the two opposing scanning directions. Precision is comparable to that reported for other commercially available ultrasound localisation systems, provided that 3D image acquisition is performed in the same scan direction. The existing temporal calibration is imperfect and a "per installation" calibration would further improve the accuracy and precision. Probe pressure correction was shown to improve the accuracy and will be useful for the localisation of the excision cavity in partial breast radiotherapy.

  • South CP, Evans PM, Partridge M. (2009) 'Dose prescription complexity versus tumor control probability in biologically conformal radiotherapy'. American Association of Physicists in Medicine MEDICAL PHYSICS, 36 (10), pp. 4379-4388.
    doi: 10.1118/1.3213519
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/739018/
  • Kavanagh A, Evans PM, Hansen VN, Webb S. (2009) 'Obtaining breathing patterns from any sequential thoracic x-ray image set'. PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY, 54 (16), pp. 4879-4888.
    doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/54/16/003
  • Kirby AM, Yarnold JR, Evans PM, Morgan VA, Schmidt MA, Scurr ED, deSouza NM. (2009) 'TUMOR BED DELINEATION FOR PARTIAL BREAST AND BREAST BOOST RADIOTHERAPY PLANNED IN THE PRONE POSITION: WHAT DOES MRI ADD TO X-RAY CT LOCALIZATION OF TITANIUM CLIPS PLACED IN THE EXCISION CAVITY WALL?'. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS, 74 (4), pp. 1276-1282.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.02.028
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/738898/
  • Poludniowski G, Evans PM, Hansen VN, Webb S. (2009) 'An efficient Monte Carlo-based algorithm for scatter correction in keV cone-beam CT.'. Institute of Physics Physics in Medicine and Biology, England: 54 (12), pp. 3847-3864.
    doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/54/12/016
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/739075/

    Abstract

    A new method is proposed for scatter-correction of cone-beam CT images. A coarse reconstruction is used in initial iteration steps. Modelling of the x-ray tube spectra and detector response are included in the algorithm. Photon diffusion inside the imaging subject is calculated using the Monte Carlo method. Photon scoring at the detector is calculated using forced detection to a fixed set of node points. The scatter profiles are then obtained by linear interpolation. The algorithm is referred to as the coarse reconstruction and fixed detection (CRFD) technique. Scatter predictions are quantitatively validated against a widely used general-purpose Monte Carlo code: BEAMnrc/EGSnrc (NRCC, Canada). Agreement is excellent. The CRFD algorithm was applied to projection data acquired with a Synergy XVI CBCT unit (Elekta Limited, Crawley, UK), using RANDO and Catphan phantoms (The Phantom Laboratory, Salem NY, USA). The algorithm was shown to be effective in removing scatter-induced artefacts from CBCT images, and took as little as 2 min on a desktop PC. Image uniformity was greatly improved as was CT-number accuracy in reconstructions. This latter improvement was less marked where the expected CT-number of a material was very different to the background material in which it was embedded.

  • McQuaid D, Partridge M, Symonds-Tayler JR, Evans PM, Webb S. (2009) 'Target-tracking deliveries on an Elekta linac: a feasibility study'. PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY, 54 (11), pp. 3563-3578.
    doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/54/11/019
  • Allinson N, Anaxagoras T, Aveyard J, Arvanitis C, Bates R, Blue A, Bohndiek S, Cabello J, Chen L, Chen S, Clark A, Clayton C, Cook E, Cossins A, Crooks J, El-Gomati M, Evans PM, Faruqi W, French M, Gow J, Greenshaw T, Greig T, Guerrini N, Harris EJ, Henderson R, Holland A, Jeyasundra G, Karadaglic D, Konstantinidis A, Liang HX, Maini KMS, McMullen G, Olivo A, O'Shea V, Osmond J, Ott RJ, Prydderch M, Qiang L, Riley G, Royle G, Segneri G, Speller R, Symonds-Tayler JRN, Triger S, Turchetta R, Venanzi C, Wells K, Zha X, Zin H. (2009) 'The Multidimensional Integrated Intelligent Imaging project (MI-3)'. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT, Univ Glasgow, Glasgow, SCOTLAND: 604 (1-2), pp. 196-198.
    doi: 10.1016/j.nima.2009.01.112
  • Beck JA, Budgell GJ, Roberts DA, Evans PM. (2009) 'Electron beam quality control using an amorphous silicon EPID'. American Association of Physicists in Medicine MEDICAL PHYSICS, 36 (5), pp. 1859-1866.
    doi: 10.1118/1.3110671
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/738900/
  • Harris EJ, Donovan EM, Yarnold JR, Coles CE, Evans PM. (2009) 'CHARACTERIZATION OF TARGET VOLUME CHANGES DURING BREAST RADIOTHERAPY USING IMPLANTED FIDUCIAL MARKERS AND PORTAL IMAGING'. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS, 73 (3), pp. 958-966.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.10.030
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/738899/
  • Roberts DA, Hansen VN, Niven AC, Thompson MG, Seco J, Evans PM. (2008) 'A low Z linac and flat panel imager: comparison with the conventional imaging approach'. IOP PUBLISHING LTD PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY, 53 (22), pp. 6305-6319.
    doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/53/22/003
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/738905/
  • Colgan R, McClelland J, McQuaid D, Evans PM, Hawkes D, Brock J, Landau D, Webb S. (2008) 'Planning lung radiotherapy using 4D CT data and a motion model.'. Phys Med Biol, England: 53 (20), pp. 5815-5830.
    doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/53/20/017
  • South CP, Partridge M, Evans PM. (2008) 'A theoretical framework for prescribing radiotherapy dose distributions using patient-specific biological information'. AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS MEDICAL PHYSICS, 35 (10), pp. 4599-4611.
    doi: 10.1118/1.2975229
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/737011/
  • Coolens C, Webb S, Shirato H, Nishioka K, Evans PM. (2008) 'A margin model to account for respiration-induced tumour motion and its variability.'. Phys Med Biol, England: 53 (16), pp. 4317-4330.
    doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/53/16/007
  • Evans PM. (2008) 'Anatomical imaging for radiotherapy'. IOP PUBLISHING LTD PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY, 53 (12), pp. R151-R191.
    doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/53/12/R01
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/738897/
  • Osmond JPF, Harris EJ, Clark AT, Ott RJ, Holland AD, Evans PM. (2008) 'An investigation into the use of CMOS active pixel technology in image-guided radiotherapy'. PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY, 53 (12), pp. 3159-3174.
    doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/53/12/006
  • Mcnair HA, Hansen VN, Parker CC, Evans PM, Norman A, Miles E, Harris EJ, Del-Acroix L, Smith E, Keane R, Khoo VS, Thompson AC, Dearnaley DP. (2008) 'A comparison of the use of bony anatomy and internal markers for offline verification and an evaluation of the potential benefit of online and offline verification protocols for prostate radiotherapy'. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS, 71 (1), pp. 41-50.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.09.002
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/739010/
  • Donovan EM, Yarnold JR, Adams EJ, Morgan A, Warrington APJ, Evans PM. (2008) 'An investigation into methods of IMRT planning applied to breast radiotherapy'. BRITISH INST RADIOLOGY BRITISH JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY, 81 (964), pp. 311-322.
    doi: 10.1259/bjr/28583675
  • Panakis N, McNair HA, Christian JA, Mendes R, Symonds-Tayler JRN, Knowles C, Evans PM, Bedford J, Brada M. (2008) 'Defining the margins in the radical radiotherapy of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with active breathing control (ABC) and the effect on physical lung parameters'. ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD RADIOTHERAPY AND ONCOLOGY, 87 (1), pp. 65-73.
    doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2007.12.012
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/738983/
  • Nioutsikou E, Seppenwoolde Y, Symonds-Tayler JR, Heijmen B, Evans P, Webb S. (2008) 'Dosimetric investigation of lung tumor motion compensation with a robotic respiratory tracking system: an experimental study.'. Med Phys, United States: 35 (4), pp. 1232-1240.
  • Harris EJ, Miller NR, Bamber JC, Evans PM, Symonds-Tayler JRN. (2007) 'Performance of ultrasound based measurement of 3D displacement using a curvilinear probe for organ motion tracking'. IOP PUBLISHING LTD PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY, 52 (18), pp. 5683-5703.
    doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/52/18/014
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/739016/
  • Seco J, Evans PM. (2007) 'Assessing the effect of electron density in photon dose calculations (vol 33, pg 540, 2006)'. American Association of Physicists in Medicine MEDICAL PHYSICS, 34 (7), pp. 3121-3121.
    doi: 10.1118/1.2739809
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/739013/
  • Parent L, Fielding AL, Dance DR, Seco J, Evans PM. (2007) 'Amorphous silicon EPID calibration for dosimetric applications: comparison of a method based on Monte Carlo prediction of response with existing techniques'. Institute of Physics PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY, 52 (12), pp. 3351-3368.
    doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/52/12/003
  • Poludniowski GG, Evans PM. (2007) 'Calculation of x-ray spectra emerging from an x-ray tube. Part I. electron penetration characteristics in x-ray targets.'. American Association of Physicists in Medicine Medical Physics, United States: 34 (6), pp. 2164-2174.
    doi: 10.1118/1.2734725
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/739076/

    Abstract

    The penetration characteristics of electron beams into x-ray targets are investigated for incident electron kinetic energies in the range 50-150 keV. The frequency densities of electrons penetrating to a depth x in a target, with a fraction of initial kinetic energy, u, are calculated using Monte Carlo methods for beam energies of 50, 80, 100, 120 and 150 keV in a tungsten target. The frequency densities for 100 keV electrons in Al, Mo and Re targets are also calculated. A mixture of simple modeling with equations and interpolation from data is used to generalize the calculations in tungsten. Where possible, parameters derived from the Monte Carlo data are compared to experimental measurements. Previous electron transport approximations in the semiempirical models of other authors are discussed and related to this work. In particular, the crudity of the use of the Thomson-Whiddington law to describe electron penetration and energy loss is highlighted. The results presented here may be used towards calculating the target self-attenuation correction for bremsstrahlung photons emitted within a tungsten target.

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    doi: 10.1118/1.2161407
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    doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2005.10.006
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    doi: 10.1118/1.1944668
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    doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2005.04.006
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    doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2004.09.003
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  • Trapp JV, Michael G, Evans PM, Baldock C, Leach MO, Webb S. (2004) 'Dose resolution in gel dosimetry: effect of uncertainty in the calibration function.'. Phys Med Biol, England: 49 (10), pp. N139-N146.
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    doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2003.12.031
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  • Love PA, Evans PM, Leach MO, Webb S. (2003) 'Polymer gel measurement of dose homogeneity in the breast: comparing MLC intensity modulation with standard wedged delivery.'. Phys Med Biol, England: 48 (8), pp. 1065-1074.
  • Bodey RK, Flux GD, Evans PM. (2003) 'Combining dosimetry for targeted radionuclide and external beam therapies using the biologically effective dose.'. Cancer Biother Radiopharm, United States: 18 (1), pp. 89-97.
    doi: 10.1089/108497803321269368
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  • Flampouri S, Evans PM, Verhaegen F, Nahum AE, Spezi E, Partridge M. (2002) 'Optimization of accelerator target and detector for portal imaging using Monte Carlo simulation and experiment.'. Phys Med Biol, England: 47 (18), pp. 3331-3349.
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  • Hector CL, Evans PM, Webb S. (2001) 'The dosimetric consequences of inter-fractional patient movement on three classes of intensity-modulated delivery techniques in breast radiotherapy.'. Radiother Oncol, Ireland: 59 (3), pp. 281-291.
  • Hector C, Webb S, Evans PM. (2001) 'A simulation of the effects of set-up error and changes in breast volume on conventional and intensity-modulated treatments in breast radiotherapy.'. Phys Med Biol, England: 46 (5), pp. 1451-1471.
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  • Partridge M, Symonds-Tayler JR, Evans PM. (2000) 'IMRT verification with a camera-based electronic portal imaging system.'. Phys Med Biol, England: 45 (12), pp. N183-N196.
  • Evans PM, Donovan EM, Partridge M, Childs PJ, Convery DJ, Eagle S, Hansen VN, Suter BL, Yarnold JR. (2000) 'The delivery of intensity modulated radiotherapy to the breast using multiple static fields.'. Radiother Oncol, IRELAND: 57 (1), pp. 79-89.
  • Partridge M, Evans PM, van Herk M, Ploeger LS, Budgell GJ, James HV. (2000) 'Leaf position verification during dynamic beam delivery: a comparison of three applications using electronic portal imaging.'. Med Phys, UNITED STATES: 27 (7), pp. 1601-1609.
  • Evans PM, Partridge M. (2000) 'A method of improving the spatial resolution of treatments that involve a multileaf collimator.'. Phys Med Biol, ENGLAND: 45 (3), pp. 609-622.
  • Spies L, Evans PM, Partridge M, Hansen VN, Bortfeld T. (2000) 'Direct measurement and analytical modeling of scatter in portal imaging'. AMER INST PHYSICS MEDICAL PHYSICS, 27 (3), pp. 462-471.
    doi: 10.1118/1.598914
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  • Partridge M, Evans PM, Symonds-Tayler JR. (1999) 'Optical scattering in camera-based electronic portal imaging.'. Phys Med Biol, ENGLAND: 44 (10), pp. 2381-2396.
  • Evans PM, Donovan EM, Partridge M, Bidmead AM, Garton A, Mubata C. (1999) 'Radiological thickness measurement using a liquid ionization chamber electronic portal imaging device.'. Phys Med Biol, ENGLAND: 44 (6), pp. N89-N97.
  • Partridge M, Symonds-Tayler JR, Evans PM. (1999) 'A large-area ionization chamber for portal image calibration.'. Phys Med Biol, ENGLAND: 44 (1), pp. 271-279.
  • Evans PM, Donovan EM, Fenton N, Hansen VN, Moore I, Partridge M, Reise S, Suter B, Symonds-Tayler JR, Yarnold JR. (1998) 'Practical implementation of compensators in breast radiotherapy.'. Radiother Oncol, IRELAND: 49 (3), pp. 255-265.
  • Mosleh-Shirazi MA, Evans PM, Swindell W, Symonds-Tayler JR, Webb S, Partridge M. (1998) 'Rapid portal imaging with a high-efficiency, large field-of-view detector.'. Med Phys, UNITED STATES: 25 (12), pp. 2333-2346.
  • Partridge M, Evans PM, Mosleh-Shirazi A, Convery D. (1998) 'Independent verification using portal imaging of intensity-modulated beam delivery by the dynamic MLC technique.'. Med Phys, UNITED STATES: 25 (10), pp. 1872-1879.
  • Webb S, Convery DJ, Evans PM. (1998) 'Inverse planning with constraints to generate smoothed intensity-modulated beams.'. Phys Med Biol, ENGLAND: 43 (10), pp. 2785-2794.
  • Mosleh-Shirazi MA, Swindell W, Evans PM. (1998) 'Optimization of the scintillation detector in a combined 3D megavoltage CT scanner and portal imager.'. Med Phys, UNITED STATES: 25 (10), pp. 1880-1890.
  • Partridge M, Evans PM. (1998) 'The practical implementation of a scatter model for portal imaging at 10 MV.'. Phys Med Biol, ENGLAND: 43 (9), pp. 2685-2693.
  • Hansen VN, Evans PM, Budgell GJ, Mott JHL, Williams PC, Brugmans MJP, Wittkamper FW, Mijnheer BJ, Brown K. (1998) 'Quality assurance of the dose delivered by small radiation segments'. IOP PUBLISHING LTD PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY, 43 (9), pp. 2665-2675.
    doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/43/9/017
  • Mosleh-Shirazi MA, Evans PM, Swindell W, Webb S, Partridge M. (1998) 'A cone-beam megavoltage CT scanner for treatment verification in conformal radiotherapy.'. Radiother Oncol, IRELAND: 48 (3), pp. 319-328.
  • Partridge M, Evans PM, Mosleh-Shirazi MA. (1998) 'Linear accelerator output variations and their consequences for megavoltage imaging.'. Med Phys, UNITED STATES: 25 (8), pp. 1443-1452.
  • Symonds-Tayler JR, Partridge M, Evans PM. (1997) 'An electronic portal imaging device for transit dosimetry.'. Phys Med Biol, ENGLAND: 42 (11), pp. 2273-2283.
  • Hansen VN, Swindell W, Evans PM. (1997) 'Extraction of primary signal from EPIDs using only forward convolution.'. Med Phys, UNITED STATES: 24 (9), pp. 1477-1484.
  • Evans PM, Hansen VN, Swindell W. (1997) 'The optimum intensities for multiple static multileaf collimator field compensation.'. Med Phys, UNITED STATES: 24 (7), pp. 1147-1156.
  • Bedford JL, Oldham M, Hoess A, Evans PM, Shentall GS, Webb S. (1997) 'Methods for transferring patient and plan data between radiotherapy treatment planning systems.'. Br J Radiol, ENGLAND: 70 (835), pp. 740-749.
  • Hansen VN, Evans PM, Shentall GS, Helyer SJ, Yarnold JR, Swindell W. (1997) 'Dosimetric evaluation of compensation in radiotherapy of the breast: MLC intensity modulation and physical compensators.'. Radiother Oncol, IRELAND: 42 (3), pp. 249-256.
  • Hansen VN, Evans PM, Swindell W. (1996) 'The application of transit dosimetry to precision radiotherapy.'. Med Phys, UNITED STATES: 23 (5), pp. 713-721.
  • Swindell W, Evans PM. (1996) 'Scattered radiation in portal images: a Monte Carlo simulation and a simple physical model.'. Med Phys, UNITED STATES: 23 (1), pp. 63-73.
  • Evans PM, Hansen VN, Mayles WP, Swindell W, Torr M, Yarnold JR. (1995) 'Design of compensators for breast radiotherapy using electronic portal imaging.'. Radiother Oncol, IRELAND: 37 (1), pp. 43-54.
  • Gildersleve J, Dearnaley DP, Evans PM, Swindell W. (1995) 'Reproducibility of patient positioning during routine radiotherapy, as assessed by an integrated megavoltage imaging system.'. Radiother Oncol, IRELAND: 35 (2), pp. 151-160.
  • Webb S, Evans PM, Swindell W, Deasy JO. (1994) 'A proof that uniform dose gives the greatest TCP for fixed integral dose in the planning target volume.'. Phys Med Biol, England: 39 (11), pp. 2091-2098.
  • Gildersleve J, Dearnaley DP, Evans PM, Law M, Rawlings C, Swindell W. (1994) 'A randomised trial of patient repositioning during radiotherapy using a megavoltage imaging system.'. Radiother Oncol, IRELAND: 31 (2), pp. 161-168.
  • Gildersleve J, Dearnaley D, Evans P, Morton E, Swindell W. (1994) 'Preliminary clinical performance of a scanning detector for rapid portal imaging.'. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol), ENGLAND: 6 (4), pp. 245-250.
  • EVANS PM, GILDERSLEVE JQ, RAWLINGS C, SWINDELL W. (1993) 'THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PATIENT POSITION CORRECTION USING A MEGAVOLTAGE IMAGING DEVICE ON A LINEAR-ACCELERATOR'. BRITISH INST RADIOLOGY BRITISH JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY, 66 (789), pp. 833-838.
  • Evans PM, Gildersleve JQ, Rawlings C, Swindell W. (1993) 'Technical note: the implementation of patient position correction using a megavoltage imaging device on a linear accelerator.'. Br J Radiol, ENGLAND: 66 (789), pp. 833-838.
  • Lewis DG, Swindell W, Morton EJ, Evans PM, Xiao ZR. (1992) 'A megavoltage CT scanner for radiotherapy verification.'. Phys Med Biol, ENGLAND: 37 (10), pp. 1985-1999.
  • Evans PM, Gildersleve JQ, Morton EJ, Swindell W, Coles R, Ferraro M, Rawlings C, Xiao ZR, Dyer J. (1992) 'Image comparison techniques for use with megavoltage imaging systems.'. Br J Radiol, ENGLAND: 65 (776), pp. 701-709.
  • Morton EJ, Evans PM, Ferraro M, Young EF, Swindell W. (1991) 'Development of video frame store and distortion correction facilities for an external-beam radiotherapy treatment simulator.'. Br J Radiol, ENGLAND: 64 (764), pp. 747-750.
  • Morton EJ, Swindell W, Lewis DG, Evans PM. (1991) 'A linear array, scintillation crystal-photodiode detector for megavoltage imaging'. Medical Physics, 18 (4), pp. 681-691.
    doi: 10.1118/1.596661
  • Swindell W, Morton EJ, Evans PM, Lewis DG. (1991) 'The design of megavoltage projection imaging systems: Some theoretical aspects'. Medical Physics, 18 (5), pp. 855-866.
    doi: 10.1118/1.596735

Conference papers

  • Alexander EJ, McNair HA, Kavanagh A, Ingram W, Evans PM, Dearnaley DP. (2011) 'Initial Results of a Comparison of Localisation of the Prostate Gland Using an Electromagnetic Tracking System With Cone Beam CT'. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CANCER, 47, pp. S494-S494.
  • Osmond JPF, Lupica G, Harris EJ, Zin H, Allinson NM, Evans PM. (2011) 'High-Speed Tracking of Moving Markers During Radiotherapy Using a CMOS Active Pixel Sensor'. Elsevier INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS, Miami, USA: 53rd Annual ASTRO Meeting 81 (2), pp. S763-S764.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.06.1172
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/738736/

    Abstract

    Purpose/Objective(s): In order to minimize the dose delivered to healthy tissue near amoving tumor during radiotherapy it is first necessary to accurately measure tumor position as a function of time. For example, a portal imager can be used to detect surrogate markers implanted around the tumor in order to track its motion with a moving collimator. Lung tumors can move at up to 30 mm/s, requiring a sampling rate of 30 frame/s to achieve mm accuracy. However the passive a-Si Flat Panel Imagers (FPIs) available with current linear accelerators operate at 2 - 10 frames/s, significantly slower than the required rate. Furthermore a-Si FPIs provide low image quality at their fastest frame rates and are susceptible to damage by the treatment beam, requiring replacement every 1 - 2 years. Emerging CMOS active pixel sensors use an addressable and partial read-out architecture to achieve significantly improved frame-rates relative to their passive counterparts. They are also capable of higher resolution, image quality and radiation-hardness. This study investigates the feasibility of using a CMOS APS to quickly and accurately track radio-opaque markers during radiotherapy. Materials/Methods: A custom CMOS imaging system was designed and constructed in collaboration with the MI3 consortium. The performance of this system was characterized and compared with an a-Si FPI. Four cylindrical gold markers of diameter 0.8 to 2 mm and length 8 mm were positioned on a motion-platform and moved according to the Lujan approximation to respiratory motion. Images were acquired using the megavoltage treatment beam at a range of frame and dose rates. The success rate of an automatic detection routine, absolute mean-error from the expected position and contrast-to-noise ratio of the marker images were then evaluated as a function of marker size, marker speed, frame rate and dose rate. Results: TheCMOSimager was found to offer improved resolution and signal-to-noise than the standard a-Si FPI at a comparable dose. The long integration time of the FPI resulted in marker images being too blurred to detect. The CMOS was able to detect the three largest markers 100% of the time and estimate their position to within 0.3 mm at 150 - 300 MU/min and 20 - 50 frame/s. However success rate declined with decreasing dose or frame rate. Conclusions: A CMOS megavoltage imaging system was found to offer superior signal-noise and resolution than the standard a-Si FPI. Furthermore the high speed of C

  • Ott R, Evans N, Evans P, Osmond J, Clark A, Turchetta R. (2009) 'Preliminary investigations of active pixel sensors in Nuclear Medicine imaging'. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT, Univ Glasgow, Glasgow, SCOTLAND: 8th International Conference on Position Sensitive Detectors 604 (1-2), pp. 86-88.
    doi: 10.1016/j.nima.2009.01.035
  • Gulliford S, Foo K, Morgan RC, Aird EG, Bidmead AM, Critchley H, Evans PM, Gianolini S, Mayles WP, Moore AR, Sanchez B, Partridge M, Sydes MR, Webb S, Dearnaley DP. (2009) 'Independent Validation of Rectal Dose-volume Constraints using MRC RT01 (ISRCTN47772397) Trial Data'. Elsevier CLINICAL ONCOLOGY, Cardiff, UK: UK Radiation Oncology Conference (UKRO) 21 (3), pp. 249-249.
    doi: 10.1016/j.clon.2009.01.001
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/738746/

    Abstract

    Introduction: Treatment plan evaluation requires knowledge of the effect of the plan, not only on the intended target, but also the surrounding normal tissues that are unavoidably irradiated. Recent literature has provided estimations of tolerance doses and proposed dose-volume constraints for many of the organs at risk. However, very few of these recommendations have been independently validated. This study details how constraints proposed for the rectum were tested using data from the RT01 randomised prostate radiotherapy trial. Method: An independent validation of the rectal dose-volume constraints used in the CHHiP trial and proposed recently by Fiorino et al. was performed. The constraints were applied retrospectively to the treatment plans collected from the RT01 trial. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated to compare the reported incidence of specific late rectal toxicity end points in the group of patients whose treatment plan met a specified dose-volume constraint compared to the group of patients who failed that constraint. Results: Statistically significant ORs were observed for every constraint tested (except 75 Gy) for at least one clinical end point. For the CHHiP constraints between 60 and 70 Gy, the ORs calculated for rectal bleeding (RMH score defined in protocol) exceeded 2.5 (P!0.02). Similarly the ORs for CHHiP constraints between 30 and 65 Gy exceeded 2.4 (P!0.021) for urgency (UCLA PCI). The Fiorino constraints between 40 and 60 Gy resulted in ORs O2 (P!0.02) for loose stools (UCLA PCI) Conclusion: Implementing rectal dose-volume constraints from 30 Gy up to the prescription dose will result in a decrease in the incidence of late rectal toxicity. Constraints for doses as low as 30 Gy were statistically significant, further challenging the concept that the rectum is a serial structure where the maximum dose to the organ is the only consideration.

  • Kirby AM, deSouza NM, Evans PM, Yarnold JR. (2009) 'MRI Delineation of Tumour Bed for Partial Breast Irradiation: Fusion/Comparison with CT/Titanium Clip-based Method'. Elsevier CLINICAL ONCOLOGY, Cardiff, UK: UKRO 2009 21 (3), pp. 251-251.
    doi: 10.1016/j.clon.2009.01.001
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/738748/

    Abstract

    Introduction: A standard method of tumour bed (TB) delineation for partial-breast irradiation (PBI) involves outlining titanium clips and architectural abnormalities on CT images. Uncertainties remain regarding delineation of TB/normal tissue interface between clips. MRI offers greater soft-tissue contrast.We investigated whether MRI adds information leading to changes in CT/clip-defined target volumes, and evaluated the clinical significance of differences. Methods: 30 women with breast invasive ductal carcinoma/DCIS underwent lumpectomy during which 6e12 titanium clips were secured in the four radial, anterior and deep excision margins of the TB. Patients underwent CT imaging and MRI in the same prone position. 3D-MRI datasets (T1-weighted [standard and fat-suppressed] and T2-weighted) were co-registered with CT data (matched using clips). TB was delineated separately on CT, MR, and fused MR-CT datasets. Clinical (CTV) (TB + 15 mm) and planning target volumes (PTV) (CTV + 10 mm) were generated. The primary endpoint was conformity index (CI) between CT and fused-MRCT TB (volume of agreement divided by total delineated volume [volumetotal]). DiscordanceCT was defined as percentage of volumetotal missed by CT, and discordanceMRCT as percentage of volumetotal missed by MRCT. Partial-breast dose distributions were generated for CT/clip-CTV, and percentage of MRCT-CTV receiving O95% of isocentre dose. Results: Median CT/clip and MRCT-TB volumes were 5.7 cm3 and 9.7 cm3, respectively (mean percentage volume increase ¼ 55.1%). Mean CIs for CT vs MRCT were 0.54 (TB), 0.84 (CTV) and 0.89 (PTV). For CT vs MRCT TB, discordanceCT (i.e. geographical miss of seroma/haemorrhage seen on MR) was 37.1%. DiscordanceMRCT (i.e. inappropriate inclusion of normal breast tissue on CT) was 9.2%. Median coverage of CT/clip-CTV by 95% isodose was 97.1% (30/30 CTV covered). Median coverage of MRCT-CTV was 96.5%. 4/ 30 MRCT-CTV were inadequately covered (worst coverage ¼ 89.0%). Conclusions: Addition of MR to CT/clip data increases TB volume by identifying additional seroma/haemorrhage. TB discordance rarely translates into clinically significant differences in CTV/PTV. CT/ clip-based PBI plans adequately cover MRCT-defined target volumes in most cases. CT/clip-based TB delineation should remain the current standard for PBI.

  • Kirby AM, Evans PM, Haviland J, Yarnold JR. (2009) 'Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery (LAD) Doses from Breast Radiotherapy: is Prone Treatment Beneficial?'. Elsevier CLINICAL ONCOLOGY, Cardiff, UK: UKRO 2009 21 (3), pp. 251-252.
    doi: 10.1016/j.clon.2009.01.001
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/738747/

    Abstract

    Breast radiotherapy increases risks of late cardiovascular mortality/morbidity. LAD irradiation is implicated in pathogenesis, but the effects of prone positioning on its dosimetry are unknown. We compared LAD and heart doses from whole (WBI) and partial (PBI) breast radiotherapy planned prone and supine. Methods: Thirty-nine (14 left-breast-affected) patients had titanium clips placed in excision cavity walls at breast-conservation surgery. Each underwent standard supine CT scanning before repositioning and re-imaging prone on an in-house platform with an aperture through which index breast falls. Partial-breast (PB) CTV was defined as tumour bed (clips/architectural distortion) plus 15 mm margin. WBclinical target volume (CTV) was defined using radio-opaque wire marking clinically palpable breast tissue. Heart and LAD were outlined. Conventional tangential-field PBI and WBI plans and dosevolume histograms were produced for each position (total: 156 plans). Mean heart/LAD, and maximum LAD doses were compared. Results: In left-breast-affected patients, mean (SD) LADmean doses were 11.5 (8.4) Gy (supineWB), 12.1 (7.4) Gy (proneWB), 1.7 (1.6) Gy (supinePB), and 3.2 (3.0) Gy (pronePB). Mean (SD) LADmax doses were 47.5 (5.7) Gy (supineWB), 47.4 (3.7) Gy (proneWB), 22.8 (19.3) Gy (supinePB) and 32.1 (17.1) Gy (pronePB). Prone positioning improved heart and LAD doses in 6/ 14 WBI (mean improvement in LADmean ¼ 12.0 Gy) and 3/14 PBI cases (mean improvement in LADmax ¼ 25.3 Gy), but worsened doses in 7/14 WBI (mean increase in LADmean¼ 9.8 Gy) and 8/14 PBI (mean increase in LADmax¼ 24.7 Gy) cases. Breast volume O1000 cm3 correlated with a benefit of prone treatment (P ¼ 0.02). Heart and LAD parameters agreed on the best plan in 24/28 instances. PBI reduced heart and LAD doses in 100% of patients compared to WBI. Conclusions: LAD doses from WBI are significant. Prone positioning is likely to improve heart and LAD dosimetry in women with breast volumes O1000 cm3 (RE cup), but to increase heart/LAD doses in women with breast volumes !1000 cm3. PBI universally improves cardiac dosimetry compared to WBI and all eligible women should be offered participation in PBI trials where available.

  • McQuaid D, Partridge M, Symonds-Tayler JRN, Evans PM, Webb S. (2009) 'Experimental Validation of a Target Tracking IMRT Delivery with Conventional MLCs'. Elsevier CLINICAL ONCOLOGY, Cardiff, UK: UKRO 2009 21 (3), pp. 243-244.
    doi: 10.1016/j.clon.2009.01.001
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/738745/

    Abstract

    Introduction: This study assessed complex, target-tracking, intensity- modulated delivery by the Elekta MLCi system. For treatment sites where intrafraction tissue motion is a significant problem, target-tracking deliveries have the potential of reducing motion margins used in radiotherapy planning. Method: A toroidally shaped target surrounding an organ at risk (OAR), necessitating multiple field segments to irradiate the target and spare the OAR, was defined in a solid water phantom. The phantom was programmed to move in a reproducible 2D elliptical trajectory. A static and target-tracking delivery were planned for delivery on a standard Elekta Precise series linac with integrated MLCi system. Dose was delivered in 3 ways: (i) static delivery to the static phantom, (ii) static delivery to the moving phantom and (iii) tracking delivery to a moving phantom, and was assessed by film measurement. The dose delivery was quantified by measurement of the mean and standard deviation of the dose on the central plane through the target. Results: The mean target doses measured were: 100% 2.8%, 95.8% 7.2% and 98.5% 2.6%, respectively, for the three cases listed above, whereas the mean doses to the OAR from the three delivery scenarios were: 38.2% 24.4%, 54.0% 18.1% and 38.2% 19.7%. All dose measurements are quoted relative to the static target dose from a static delivery. Conclusion: Target-tracking deliveries have been shown to be realisable on the current generation of Elekta linacs. The tracking techniques have been shown to remove the negative effects of tissue motion. In this case, reducing the mean dose to the OAR by 15.8% whilst restoring the target dose homogeneity to the static case. However, many obstacles remain before the technique can be safely used in the clinic and these are the subject of further research in the field.

  • Ott R, Evans N, Evans P, Osmond J, Clark A, Crooks J, Prydderich M, Turchetta R. (2009) 'Active Pixel Sensors in Nuclear Medicine Imaging'. IEEE 2008 IEEE NUCLEAR SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM AND MEDICAL IMAGING CONFERENCE (2008 NSS/MIC), VOLS 1-9, Dresden, GERMANY: IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium/Medical Imaging Conference, pp. 4149-4152.
  • Roberts DA, Hansen VN, Seco J, Thompson MG, Evans PM, Verhaegen F, Seuntjens J. (2008) 'A simple Monte Carlo based optimisation model to determine image contrast in an imaging system'. INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON MONTE CARLO TECHNIQUES IN RADIOTHERAPY DELIVERY AND VERIFICATION - THIRD MCGILL INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP, 102
    doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/102/1/012019
  • Evans P, Osmond J, Harris E, Symonds-Tayler R, Ott RJ, Holland A. (2007) 'The application of active pixel sensors to precision radiotherapy'. ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD RADIOTHERAPY AND ONCOLOGY, Barcelona, SPAIN: 9th Biennial Meeting on Physics and Radiation Technology for Clinical Radiotherapy 84, pp. S116-S116.
  • Nioutsikou E, Seppenwoolde Y, Symonds-Tayler R, Heijmen B, Evans P, Webb S. (2007) 'Dosimetric investigation of lung tumour motion compensation with the cyberknife/synchrony respiratory tracking system measured experimentally'. ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD RADIOTHERAPY AND ONCOLOGY, Barcelona, SPAIN: 9th Biennial Meeting on Physics and Radiation Technology for Clinical Radiotherapy 84, pp. S76-S77.
  • Harris E, Miller N, Evans P, Bamber J, Symonds-Tayler R. (2007) 'Performance of ultrasound based 3D intra-fraction organ motion tracking'. ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD RADIOTHERAPY AND ONCOLOGY, Barcelona, SPAIN: 9th Biennial Meeting on Physics and Radiation Technology for Clinical Radiotherapy 84, pp. S176-S176.
  • Gulliford S, Morgan R, Sydes M, Partridge M, Webb S, Dearnaley D, Evans P. (2007) 'Dose-volume relationships for common late rectal complications resulting from radiotherapy for prostate cancer: Analysis of data from a multi-centre randomised controlled trial (MRC RT01, ISRCTN 47772397)'. ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD RADIOTHERAPY AND ONCOLOGY, Barcelona, SPAIN: 9th Biennial Meeting on Physics and Radiation Technology for Clinical Radiotherapy 84, pp. S157-S157.
  • Panakis N, McNair H, Mendes R, Symonds-Tayler R, Evans P, Bedford J, Brada M. (2006) 'Radiotherapy treatment margins for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Controlling tumour motion with active breathing control (ABC) cannot be considered in isolation'. ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD RADIOTHERAPY AND ONCOLOGY, Leipzig, GERMANY: Conference of the Spanish-Portuguese-and -Latin-American-Association 81, pp. S395-S395.
  • Ott RJ, Evans N, Harris E, Evans P, Osmond J, Holland A, Prydderch M, Clark A, Crooks J, Halsall R, Key-Charriere M, Martin S, Turchetta R. (2006) 'A CsI-Active Pixel Sensor Based Detector for Gamma Ray Imaging'. IEEE 2006 IEEE NUCLEAR SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM CONFERENCE RECORD, VOL 1-6, San Diego, CA: 15th International Workshop on Room-Temperature Semiconductor X- and Gamma-Ray Detectors/ 2006 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, pp. 2990-2992.
    doi: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2006.356503
  • Parent L, Seco J, Fielding A, Dance D, Evans P. (2005) 'A-Si EPID image prediction for fields of various sizes and off-axis positions using Monte Carlo methods'. ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD RADIOTHERAPY AND ONCOLOGY, Lisbon, PORTUGAL: 8th Biennial Meeting on Physics and Radiation Technology for Clinical Radiotherapy 76, pp. S148-S148.
    doi: 10.1016/S0167-8140(05)81299-X
  • McNair H, Harris E, Evans P. (2005) 'An investigation into the efficacy of automatic marker detection methods applied to intra-fractional prostate motion tracking.'. ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD RADIOTHERAPY AND ONCOLOGY, Lisbon, PORTUGAL: 8th Biennial Meeting on Physics and Radiation Technology for Clinical Radiotherapy 76, pp. S58-S58.
    doi: 10.1016/S0167-8140(05)81085-0
  • Parent L, Evans P, Dance D, Seco J, Fielding A. (2005) 'Calibration of the true leaf positions in Monte Carlo simulations of an MLC'. ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD RADIOTHERAPY AND ONCOLOGY, Lisbon, PORTUGAL: 8th Biennial Meeting on Physics and Radiation Technology for Clinical Radiotherapy 76, pp. S175-S175.
    doi: 10.1016/S0167-8140(05)81374-X
  • Harris E, Evans P, Seco J. (2005) 'Analytical model of electronic portal imaging device response'. ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD RADIOTHERAPY AND ONCOLOGY, Lisbon, PORTUGAL: 8th Biennial Meeting on Physics and Radiation Technology for Clinical Radiotherapy 76, pp. S199-S199.
    doi: 10.1016/S0167-8140(05)81437-9
  • Evans P, Mosleh-Shirazi A. (2005) 'Models of the light output from scintillation crystals'. ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD RADIOTHERAPY AND ONCOLOGY, Lisbon, PORTUGAL: 8th Biennial Meeting on Physics and Radiation Technology for Clinical Radiotherapy 76, pp. S76-S76.
    doi: 10.1016/S0167-8140(05)81123-5
  • Seco J, Adams L, Partridge M, Evans P, Verhaegen F. (2005) 'Evaluation of pencil beam, collapsed cone and Monte Carlo IMRT dose calculation algorithms for dual target sites'. ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD RADIOTHERAPY AND ONCOLOGY, Lisbon, PORTUGAL: 8th Biennial Meeting on Physics and Radiation Technology for Clinical Radiotherapy 76, pp. S18-S18.
    doi: 10.1016/S0167-8140(05)80993-4
  • Coolens C, Evans P, Webb S, Bidmead M. (2005) 'Clinical feasibility of a proposed internal margin model to account for variability in respiratory motion in gated radiotherapy delivery'. ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD RADIOTHERAPY AND ONCOLOGY, Lisbon, PORTUGAL: 8th Biennial Meeting on Physics and Radiation Technology for Clinical Radiotherapy 76, pp. S92-S92.
    doi: 10.1016/S0167-8140(05)81160-0
  • Castellano IA, Dance DR, Evans PM. (2005) 'CT dosimetry: Getting the best from the adult cristy phantom'. OXFORD UNIV PRESS RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY, Malmo Univ Hosp, Malmo, SWEDEN: 2nd Malmo Conference on Medical X-Ray Imaging 114 (1-3), pp. 321-325.
    doi: 10.1093/rpd/nch521
  • Parent L, Evans P, Dance DR, Fielding A, Seco J. (2004) 'Effect of spectral variation with field size on dosimetric response of an amorphous silicon electronic portal imaging device'. ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD RADIOTHERAPY AND ONCOLOGY, Amsterdam, NETHERLANDS: 23rd Annual Meeting of the European-Society-for-Therapeutic-Radiology-and-Oncology (ESTRO 23) 73, pp. S154-S155.
  • Coolens C, Evans PM, Seco J, Webb S, Blackall J, Rietzel E, Chen GTY. (2004) 'Susceptibility of IMRT dose distributions to deformable organ motion and the impact of beam smoothing'. ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD RADIOTHERAPY AND ONCOLOGY, Amsterdam, NETHERLANDS: 23rd Annual Meeting of the European-Society-for-Therapeutic-Radiology-and-Oncology (ESTRO 23) 73, pp. S176-S177.
  • Bodey RK, Flux GD, Evans PM. (2004) 'Spatial optimisation of combined modality radiotherapy'. SPRINGER EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING, Helsinki, FINLAND: Annual Congress of the European-Association-of-Nuclear-Medicine 31, pp. S475-S475.
  • Flampouri S, Evans P, Fielding A, Partridge M, Verhaegen F. (2004) 'Investigation of megavoltage beams and detectors for electronic portal imaging'. AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS MEDICAL PHYSICS, Pittsburgh, PA: 46th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Physicists-in-Medicine 31 (6), pp. 1832-1832.
  • Coolens C, Evans PM, Seco J, Webb S. (2003) 'Analysis of stochastic noise in intensity-modulated beams'. ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD RADIOTHERAPY AND ONCOLOGY, Geneva, SWITZERLAND: 7th Biennial Meeting on Physics and Radiation Technology for Clinical Radiotherapy 68, pp. S100-S101.
  • Muller L, Adams E, Evans P, Partridge M, Pichenot M, Anebajagane SK, Lefkopoulos D, Monti AF. (2003) 'Clinical implementation of a new IMRT verification concept'. ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD RADIOTHERAPY AND ONCOLOGY, Geneva, SWITZERLAND: 7th Biennial Meeting on Physics and Radiation Technology for Clinical Radiotherapy 68, pp. S105-S106.
  • Fielding AL, Clark CH, Evans PM. (2003) 'Verification of patient position and delivery of IMRT by electronic portal Imaging'. AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS MEDICAL PHYSICS, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA: 45th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Physicists-in-Medicine 30 (6), pp. 1352-1352.
  • Hsu A, Miller N, Evans P, Bamber J, Webb S. (2003) 'Ultrasound guided radiotherapy - A feasibility evaluation (WIP)'. AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS MEDICAL PHYSICS, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA: 45th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Physicists-in-Medicine 30 (6), pp. 1384-1384.
  • Hector CL, Evans PM, Webb S, Schlegel W, Bortfeld T. (2000) 'The dosimetric consequences of patient movement on three classes of intensity-modulated delivery techniques in breast radiotherapy'. SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN USE OF COMPUTERS IN RADIATION THERAPY, HEIDELBERG, GERMANY: 13th International Conference on the Use of Computers in Radiation Therapy, pp. 289-291.
  • Partridge M, Symonds-Tayler JRN, Evans PM, Schlegel W, Bortfeld T. (2000) 'Verification of dynamic MLC beam delivery using electronic portal imaging'. SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN USE OF COMPUTERS IN RADIATION THERAPY, HEIDELBERG, GERMANY: 13th International Conference on the Use of Computers in Radiation Therapy, pp. 556-557.
  • Evans PM, Bleackley N, Convery DJ, Donovan EM, Hansen VN, Partridge M, Reise S, Symonds-Tayler JRN, Yarnold JR, Schlegel W, Bortfeld T. (2000) 'The use of compensators and multiple static fields for IMRT of the breast'. SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN USE OF COMPUTERS IN RADIATION THERAPY, HEIDELBERG, GERMANY: 13th International Conference on the Use of Computers in Radiation Therapy, pp. 208-209.
  • Seco J, Evans PM, Webb S, Schlegel W, Bortfeld T. (2000) 'Modelling the effects of IMRT delivery: Constraints and incorporation of beam smoothing into inverse planning'. SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN USE OF COMPUTERS IN RADIATION THERAPY, HEIDELBERG, GERMANY: 13th International Conference on the Use of Computers in Radiation Therapy, pp. 542-544.
  • Partridge M, Evans PM, MoslehShirazi MA, Leavitt DD, Starkschall G. (1997) 'Accelerator output fluctuation: The effect on megavoltage CT and portal image quality.'. MEDICAL PHYSICS PUBLISHING PROCEEDINGS OF THE XIITH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE USE OF COMPUTERS IN RADIATION THERAPY, SALT LAKE CITY, UT: XIIth International Conference on the Use of Computers in Radiation Therapy (XIIth ICCR), pp. 288-290.
  • MOSLEHSHIRAZI MA, SWINDELL W, EVANS PM. (1994) 'MONTE-CARLO SIMULATIONS OF CSI(TL) SCINTILLATION CRYSTALS FOR USE IN A 3-DIMENSIONAL MEGAVOLTAGE CT SCANNER'. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT, BRUNEL UNIV, LONDON, ENGLAND: 3rd London Conference on Position Sensitive Detectors 348 (2-3), pp. 563-566.
    doi: 10.1016/0168-9002(94)90801-X

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