Professor Graham Bird

Professor of Economics

Qualifications: BA (Cambridge), MA (Cambridge), PhD (Surrey)

Email: g.bird@surrey.ac.uk
Phone: Work: 01483 68 9325
Room no: 17 AD 00

Office hours

Not available

RePEc web page: download papers

Biography
Research
Publications
Teaching

Biography

Visiting Professor of Economics, Tufts University and Claremont McKenna College

Graham Bird joined Surrey in 1975 and was promoted to a full professorship in 1987.

He is also a Visiting Professor of Economics at the Fletcher School, Tufts University, in the United States, and has held Visiting Professorships at Reading University in England, and at Wellesley College and Claremont McKenna College in the US. For a time during 1986 he was an Economic and Social Research Council Visiting Scholar at the Institute for International Economic Studies, Stockholm University, Sweden, and he has also been a visiting scholar at the Harvard Institute of International Development. He has taught at the Universities of Kent and Sussex, and at the London School of Economics. He has been a Research Associate at the Overseas Development Institute in London, and a consultant to the Commonwealth Secretariat, the World Bank, the World Institute for Development Economics Research, UNICEF, and UNDP. He was an economic adviser to the Brandt Commission. He is on the editorial board of the Journal of Policy Reform, the Zagreb International Review of Economics and Business, and the Review of International Organizations, and has been a high level expert adviser to the Independent Evaluation Office of the IMF and a Visiting Scholar in the IMF’s Research Department. He was Head of the Economics Department at Surrey for twelve years until the end of 1998, and served on the Steering Committee of the Royal Economic Society’s Conference of Heads of University Departments of Economics and on the Quality Assurance Agency’s Benchmarking Group for Economics which set standards for teaching Economics at universities in the UK.

Research Interests

Graham Bird's principal research interests relate to the international financial problems of developing countries, and his research frequently crosses traditional disciplinary boundaries. He has approaching 200 publications to his name and has published in the leading development studies, and international relations journals as well as in mainstream international economic journals. He has published a number of research monographs and textbooks and has had three papers published in the prestigious Essays in International Economics series by Princeton University. He is currently working on a series of research projects and papers dealing with various aspects of the IMF’s operations, currency crises, foreign aid, external debt and macroeconomic policy in developing countries. He has recently completed a research project funded by the British Academy investigating the determinants and catalytic effects of IMF programmes.

Publications

Journal articles

Bird G, Mandilaras A. (2013) 'Fiscal imbalances and output crises in Europe: will the fiscal compact help or hinder?'. Journal of Economic Policy Reform,
doi: 10.1080/17487870.2013.765081
Bird G. (2012) 'Dealing with Global Economic Imbalances: The Political Economy of Policy Coordination'. Global Economic Review, 41 (4), pp. 299-317.
doi: 10.1080/1226508X.2012.738781
Bird G, Mandilaras A, Popper H. (2012) 'Is there a Beijing consensus on international macroeconomic policy?'. World Development, 40 (10), pp. 1933-1943.
doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.03.013
Bird G, Bird G, Bird G, Mandilaras A, Popper H. (2012) 'Is there a Beijing Consensus on International Macroeconomic Policy?'. World Development,
doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.03.013
Bird G. (2011) 'The International Monetary Fund in the global economy: Banks, bonds and bailouts'. SPRINGER REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, 6 (2), pp. 215-218.
doi: 10.1007/s11558-011-9112-y
Bird G, Mandilaras A. (2011) 'Once Bitten: The Effect of IMF Programs on Subsequent Reserve Behavior'. WILEY-BLACKWELL REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, 15 (2), pp. 264-278.
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9361.2011.00607.x
Mandilaras A, Bird G. (2011) 'Once Bitten: The Effects of IMF Programs on Subsequent Reserve Behaviour'. Review of Development Economics, 15 (2), pp. 264-278.
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9361.2011.00607.x
Bird G, Rowlands D. (2010) 'The Episodic and Unpredictable Nature of IMF Lending: An Empirical Analysis'. WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC WORLD ECONOMY, 33 (10), pp. 1280-1301.
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9701.2010.01289.x
Powell R, Bird G. (2010) 'Aid and Debt Relief in Africa: Have They Been Substitutes or Complements?'. PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD WORLD DEVELOPMENT, 38 (3), pp. 219-227.
doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.06.005
Mandilaras A, Bird G. (2010) 'A Markov switching analysis of contagion in the EMS'. ELSEVIER SCI LTD JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MONEY AND FINANCE, 29 (6), pp. 1062-1075.
doi: 10.1016/j.jimonfin.2010.03.001
Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/221471/
Bird G. (2010) 'The SDR Aid Link: It's Now or Never'. WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC DEV POLICY REV, 28 (1), pp. 63-74.
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7679.2010.00474.x
Mandilaras A, Bird G. (2010) 'A Markov switching analysis of contagion in the EMS'. Journal of International Money and Finance,
doi: 10.1016/j.jimonfin.2010.03.001
Bird G, Rowlands D. (2009) 'Exchange Rate Regimes in Developing and Emerging Economies and the Incidence of IMF Programs'. PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD WORLD DEVELOPMENT, 37 (12), pp. 1839-1848.
doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.06.006
Bird G. (2009) 'Analyzing the Global Political Economy'. WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC ECON REC, 85 (271), pp. 485-487.
doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4932.2009.00601.x
Bird G, Rowlands D. (2009) 'A DISAGGREGATED EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DETERMINANTS OF IMF ARRANGEMENTS: DOES ONE MODEL FIT ALL?'. JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, 21 (7), pp. 915-931.
doi: 10.1002/jid.1520
Arpac O, Bird G. (2009) 'Turkey and the IMF: A case study in the political economy of policy implementation'. SPRINGER REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, 4 (2), pp. 135-157.
doi: 10.1007/s11558-008-9051-4
Bird G, Rowlands D. (2009) 'The IMF's role in mobilizing private capital flows: are there grounds for catalytic conversion?'. ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD APPLIED ECONOMICS LETTERS, 16 (17) Article number PII 790606407 , pp. 1705-1708.
doi: 10.1080/13504850701604169
Arpac O, Bird G, Mandilaras A. (2008) 'Stop interrupting: An empirical analysis of the implementation of IMF programs'. PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD WORLD DEVELOPMENT, 36 (9), pp. 1493-1513.
doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.09.001
Bird G, Mandilaras A. (2008) 'Revisiting Mrs. Machlup's wardrobe: the accumulation of international reserves, 1992-2001'. ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD APPLIED ECONOMICS LETTERS, 17 (5) Article number PII 793082206 , pp. 467-471.
doi: 10.1080/13504850701765143
Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/221474/
Bird G. (2008) 'The implementation of IMF programs: A conceptual framework'. SPRINGER REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, 3 (1), pp. 41-64.
doi: 10.1007/s11558-007-9011-4
Bird G, Blomberg SB, Hess GD. (2008) 'International terrorism: Causes, consequences and cures'. BLACKWELL PUBLISHING WORLD ECONOMY, 31 (2), pp. 255-274.
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9701.2007.01089.x
Bird G, Rowlands D. (2008) 'Catalysing private capital flows and IMF programs: some remaining questions'. ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC POLICY REFORM, 11 (1), pp. 37-43.
doi: 10.1080/17487870802031452
Mandilaras A, Bird G. (2008) 'Foreign exchange pressures in Latin America: Does debt matter?'. Journal of International Development, 20 (5), pp. 613-627.
doi: 10.1002/jid.1436
Bird G. (2007) 'The imf: A bird's eye view of its role and operations'. WILEY-BLACKWELL JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC SURVEYS, 21 (4), pp. 683-745.
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6419.2007.00517.x
Bird G, Rowlands D. (2007) 'The IMF and the mobilisation of foreign aid'. ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, 43 (5), pp. 856-870.
doi: 10.1080/00220380701384521
Bird G. (2007) 'A strategy for IMF reform'. BLACKWELL PUBLISHING WORLD ECONOMY, 30 (4), pp. 703-704.
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9701.2007.01010.x
Bird G, Rowlands D. (2007) 'Should it be curtains for some of the IMF's lending windows?'. Review of International Organizations, 2 (3), pp. 281-299.
doi: 10.1007/s11558-006-9007-5
Mandilaras A, Bird G. (2006) 'Foreign exchange markets in South-East Asia 1990-2004: An empirical analysis of spillovers during crisis and non-crisis periods'. North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 18 (1), pp. 41-57.
doi: 10.1016/j.najef.2006.09.003
Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/574/

Abstract

The East Asian crisis of 1997 sparked an extensive literature in an effort to explain the causes and spread of heightened foreign exchange (FX) market pressures in the region. In this paper, we model FX movements and calculate spillover effects covering the extended period between 1990 and 2004. Using Markov switching vector autoregressions, we find evidence that FX correlations vary across crisis and non-crisis states, a result that bears implications for international portfolio diversification and reserve pooling. Even though the direction of effects does not follow discernible patterns, it is clear from the data that contagion effects are present. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Bird G, Mandilaras A. (2006) 'Regional heterogeneity in the relationship between fiscal imbalances and foreign exchange market pressure'. PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD WORLD DEVELOPMENT, 34 (7), pp. 1171-1181.
doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.11.017
Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/221476/
Bird G. (2006) 'New sources of development finance'. ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, 42 (3), pp. 536-538.
Bird G, Rajan RS. (2006) 'The political economy of sequencing: Monetary versus trade regionalism'. North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 17 (3), pp. 335-341.
doi: 10.1016/j.najef.2006.06.006
Bird G, Rowlands D. (2006) 'IMF quotas: Constructing an international organization using inferior building blocks'. Review of International Organizations, 1 (2), pp. 153-171.
doi: 10.1007/s11558-006-8342-x
Bird G. (2005) 'Over-optimism and the IMF'. BLACKWELL PUBLISHING WORLD ECONOMY, 28 (9), pp. 1355-1373.
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9701.2005.00737.x
Bird G. (2005) 'International economic and financial cooperation: New issues, new actors, new responses'. BLACKWELL PUBL LTD WORLD ECONOMY, 28 (3), pp. 459-460.
Bird G, Rowlands D. (2004) 'Financing Balance of Payments Adjustment: Options in the Light of the Elusive Catalytic Effect of IMF-Supported Programmes'. Comparative Economic Studies, 46 (3), pp. 468-486.
Bird G. (2004) 'Fiscal adjustment in IMF-supported programs: Evaluation report'. BLACKWELL PUBL LTD WORLD ECONOMY, 27 (8), pp. 1315-1317.
Bird G. (2004) 'The IMF forever: An analysis of the prolonged use of fund resources'. FRANK CASS CO LTD JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, 40 (6), pp. 30-58.
doi: 10.1080/0022038042000233795
Bird G, S Rajan R. (2004) 'Does devaluation lead to economic recovery or contraction? Theory and policy with reference to Thailand'. Journal of International Development, 16 (2), pp. 141-156.
doi: 10.1002/jid.1056
Bird G. (2004) 'Growth, poverty and the IMF'. Journal of International Development, 16 (4), pp. 621-636.
doi: 10.1002/jid.1111
Nyawata O, Bird G. (2004) 'Financial liberalisation in Southern Africa: An assessment'. Development Policy Review, 22 (3), pp. 287-307.
Bird G, Willett TD. (2004) 'IMF Conditionality, Implementation and the New Political Economy of Ownership'. Comparative Economic Studies, 46 (3), pp. 423-450.
Bird G, Rowlands D. (2003) 'Political economy influences within the life-cycle of IMF programmes'. BLACKWELL PUBL LTD WORLD ECONOMY, 26 (9), pp. 1255-1278.
doi: 10.1046/j.1467-9701.2003.00572.x
Bird G, Rajan R. (2003) 'Too much of a good thing? The adequacy of international reserves in the aftermath of crises'. BLACKWELL PUBL LTD WORLD ECONOMY, 26 (6), pp. 873-891.
doi: 10.1111/1467-9701.00552
Bird G. (2003) 'Financial crises and what to do about them'. BLACKWELL PUBL LTD WORLD ECONOMY, 26 (2), pp. 261-262.
Bird G. (2003) 'Restructuring the IMF's lending facilities'. BLACKWELL PUBL LTD WORLD ECONOMY, 26 (2), pp. 229-245.
doi: 10.1111/1467-9701.00519
Bird G, Mandilaras A. (2003) 'Viral spiral? Contagion, interdependence and fundamentals in Latin America'. New Economy, 10 (3), pp. 181-186.
Bird G, Milne A. (2003) 'Debt relief for low income countries: Is it effective and efficient?'. BLACKWELL PUBL LTD WORLD ECONOMY, 26 (1), pp. 43-59.
doi: 10.1111/1467-9701.00509
Rajan RS, Bird G. (2003) 'Banks, Maturity Mismatches and Liquidity Crises: A Simple Model'. Economia Internazionale / International Economics, 56 (2), pp. 185-192.
Bird G. (2002) 'The credibility and signalling effect of IMF programmes'. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC JOURNAL OF POLICY MODELING, 24 (9) Article number PII S0161-8938(02)00168-0 , pp. 799-811.
doi: 10.1016/S0161-8938(02)00168-0
Bird G. (2002) 'The completion rate of IMF programmes: What we know, don't know and need to know'. BLACKWELL PUBL LTD WORLD ECONOMY, 25 (6), pp. 833-847.
doi: 10.1111/1467-9701.00465
Rajan RS, Bird G. (2002) 'Will Asian economies gain from liberalizing trade in services?'. KLUWER LAW INT JOURNAL OF WORLD TRADE, 36 (6), pp. 1061-1079.
Bird G, Rajan RS. (2002) 'Regional arrangements for providing liquidity in a financial crisis: developments in East Asia'. ROUTLEDGE PACIFIC REVIEW, 15 (3), pp. 359-379.
doi: 10.1080/09512740210152849
Bird G, Rajan R. (2002) 'Optimal currency baskets and the third currency phenomenon: Exchange rate policy in Southeast Asia'. Journal of International Development, 14 (8), pp. 1053-1073.
doi: 10.1002/jid.938
Bird G. (2002) 'Cry for Argentina'. New Economy, 9 (3), pp. 158-165.
Bird G, Rajan RS. (2002) 'Does FDI guarantee the stability of international capital flows? Evidence from Malaysia'. Development Policy Review, 20 (2), pp. 191-202.
Bird G, Rowlands D. (2002) 'Do IMF programmes have a catalytic effect on other international capital flows?'. Oxford Development Studies, 30 (3), pp. 229-249.
doi: 10.1080/1360081022000012671
Bird G. (2002) 'What difference does it make? The global economic effects of international terrorism'. New Economy, 9 (2), pp. 106-112.
Bird G. (2001) 'IMF programs: Do they work? Can they be made to work better?'. PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD WORLD DEVELOPMENT, 29 (11), pp. 1849-1865.
doi: 10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00077-8
Bird G. (2001) 'A suitable case for treatment? Understanding the ongoing debate about the IMF'. CARFAX PUBLISHING THIRD WORLD QUARTERLY, 22 (5), pp. 823-848.
Bird G, Rajan RS. (2001) 'Banks, financial liberalisation and financial crises in emerging markets'. BLACKWELL PUBL LTD WORLD ECONOMY, 24 (7), pp. 889-910.
doi: 10.1111/1467-9701.00388
Bird G, Rowlands D. (2001) 'World Bank lending and other financial flows: Is there a connection?'. FRANK CASS CO LTD JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, 37 (5), pp. 83-103.
doi: 10.1080/00220380412331322131
Bird G, Rajan RS. (2001) 'International currency taxation and currency stabilisation in developing countries'. FRANK CASS CO LTD JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, 37 (3), pp. 21-38.
doi: 10.1080/00220380412331321951
Bird G. (2001) 'Conducting macroeconomic policy in developing countries: piece of cake or mission impossible?'. CARFAX PUBLISHING THIRD WORLD QUARTERLY, 22 (1), pp. 37-49.
Bird G, Rowlands D. (2001) 'Catalysis or direct borrowing: The role of the IMF in mobilising private capital'. BLACKWELL PUBL LTD WORLD ECONOMY, 24 (1), pp. 81-98.
doi: 10.1111/1467-9701.00344
Bird G, Joyce JP. (2001) 'Remodeling the multilateral financial institutions'. LYNNE RIENNER PUBL INC GLOBAL GOVERNANCE, 7 (1), pp. 75-93.
Bird G, Rajan RS. (2001) 'Coping with, and cashing in on, international capital volatility'. Journal of International Development, 13 (1), pp. 1-24.
doi: 10.1002/jid.718
Bird G, Mori A, Rowlands D. (2000) 'Do the multilaterals catalyse other capital flows? A case study analysis'. ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD THIRD WORLD QUARTERLY, 21 (3), pp. 483-503.
Bird G, Rowlands D. (2000) 'The catalyzing role of policy-based lending by the IMF and the world bank: Fact or fiction?'. Journal of International Development, 12 (7), pp. 951-973.
doi: 10.1002/1099-1328(200010)12:7<951::AID-JID717>3.0.CO;2-8
Bird G. (2000) 'Reforming the IMF: Long Term Lessons from Short Term Crises'. Zagreb International Review of Economics and Business, 3 (1), pp. 1-24.
Bird G. (1999) 'The Political Economy of Foreign Aid: Fatigue or Regeneration?'. Zagreb International Review of Economics and Business, 2 (2), pp. 1-24.
Bird G. (1999) 'Toward a new international financial architecture: A practical post-Asia agenda'. BLACKWELL PUBL LTD WORLD ECONOMY, 22 (7), pp. 1039-1040.
Bird G. (1999) 'Crisis averter, crisis lender, crisis manager: The IMF in search of a systemic role'. BLACKWELL PUBL LTD WORLD ECONOMY, 22 (7), pp. 955-975.
doi: 10.1111/1467-9701.00240
Bird G, Milne A. (1999) 'Miracle to meltdown: a pathology of the East Asian financial crisis'. CARFAX PUBLISHING THIRD WORLD QUARTERLY, 20 (2), pp. 421-437.
Bird G. (1999) 'How important is sound domestic macroeconomics in attracting capital inflows to developing countries?'. Journal of International Development, 11 (1), pp. 1-26.
doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1328(199901/02)11:1<1::AID-JID551>3.0.CO;2-3
Bird G. (1998) 'The political economy of the SDR: The rise and fall of an international reserve asset'. LYNNE RIENNER PUBL INC GLOBAL GOVERNANCE, 4 (3), pp. 355-379.
Bird G. (1998) 'Exchange rate policy in developing countries: what is left of the nominal anchor approach?'. CARFAX PUBL CO THIRD WORLD QUARTERLY, 19 (2), pp. 255-276.
Bird G, Rowlands D. (1997) 'The catalytic effect of lending by the international financial institutions'. BLACKWELL PUBL LTD WORLD ECONOMY, 20 (7), pp. 967-991.
doi: 10.1111/1467-9701.00112
Bird G. (1997) 'External financing and balance of payments adjustment in developing countries: Getting a better policy mix'. PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD WORLD DEVELOPMENT, 25 (9), pp. 1409-1420.
doi: 10.1016/S0305-750X(97)00048-X
Bird G, Helwege A. (1997) 'Can neoliberalism survive in Latin America?'. MILLENNIUM PUBLISHING GROUP MILLENNIUM-JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, 26 (1), pp. 31-&.
doi: 10.1177/03058298970260010601
Bird G, Snowden N. (1997) 'From banks to bonds: A problem resolved? A perspective from the LDC debt literature'. Journal of International Development, 9 (2), pp. 207-220.
Bird G. (1996) 'Borrowing from the IMF: The policy implications of recent empirical research'. PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD WORLD DEVELOPMENT, 24 (11), pp. 1753-1760.
doi: 10.1016/0305-750X(96)00153-2
Bird G. (1996) 'The exchange rate system and the IMF: A modest agenda - I-Int-Ec'. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS, 41 (1-2), pp. 211-213.
doi: 10.1016/S0022-1996(96)01423-7
Bird G. (1996) 'From Bretton Woods to Halifax and beyond: The political economy of international monetary reform'. BLACKWELL PUBL LTD WORLD ECONOMY, 19 (2), pp. 149-172.
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9701.1996.tb00670.x
Bird G. (1996) 'The Bretton Woods Institutions and the political economy of international monetary reform - Introduction'. BLACKWELL PUBL LTD WORLD ECONOMY, 19 (2), pp. 143-147.
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9701.1996.tb00669.x
Bird G. (1996) 'The International Monetary Fund and developing countries: A review of the evidence and policy options'. MIT PRESS INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION, 50 (3), pp. 477-511.
BIRD G. (1994) 'THE MYTHS AND REALITIES OF IMF LENDING'. BLACKWELL PUBL LTD WORLD ECONOMY, 17 (5), pp. 759-778.
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9701.1994.tb00772.x
BIRD G. (1994) 'THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY-SYSTEM AND ITS REFORM - CONTRIBUTIONS TO ECONOMIC-ANALYSIS, PT 4-5 - DELL,S'. BLACKWELL PUBL LTD WORLD ECONOMY, 17 (3), pp. 418-418.
BIRD G. (1993) 'INCOME-DISTRIBUTION, INFLATION, AND GROWTH - TAYLOR,L'. BLACKWELL PUBL LTD MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL STUDIES, 61 (1), pp. 118-119.
BIRD G. (1992) 'GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND INTERNATIONAL RESOURCE TRANSFERS'. PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS, 2 (3), pp. 229-238.
doi: 10.1016/0959-3780(92)90005-R
BIRD G. (1992) 'THE ECONOMICS OF MANAGING A UNIVERSITY'. CARFAX PUBL CO STUDIES IN HIGHER EDUCATION, 17 (3), pp. 265-280.
doi: 10.1080/03075079212331382537
BIRD G. (1991) 'DEVELOPING-COUNTRY DEBT AND ECONOMIC-PERFORMANCE - SACHS,JD, COLLINS,SM'. FRANK CASS CO LTD JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, 27 (4), pp. 170-171.
BIRD G. (1991) 'REFORMING EASTERN-EUROPEAN ECONOMIES, CONFERENCE ORGANIZED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS, UNIVERSITY-OF-SURREY, GUILDFORD, SURREY, UK, 6 FEBRUARY 1991'. BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN LTD ENERGY POLICY, 19 (4), pp. 407-408.
doi: 10.1016/0301-4215(91)90065-V
BIRD G. (1991) 'DEBT, DEFICITS AND DOLLARS - THE WORLD-ECONOMY IN 3-D'. PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD WORLD DEVELOPMENT, 19 (2-3), pp. 245-254.
doi: 10.1016/0305-750X(91)90258-J
BIRD G. (1990) 'DEVELOPING-COUNTRY DEBT AND THE WORLD-ECONOMY - SACHS,JD'. BLACKWELL PUBL LTD ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 100 (403), pp. 1351-1353.
doi: 10.2307/2233991
BIRD GR. (1990) 'GROWING OUT OF DEBT - HEWITT,A, WELLS,B'. FRANK CASS CO LTD JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, 27 (1), pp. 133-134.
Bird G. (1989) 'Strategic plans or muddling through: the generics of Third World debt policy'. Third World debt, , pp. 189-217.
Bird G. (1989) 'Introduction: Third World debt'. Third World debt, , pp. 1-19.
BIRD G. (1988) 'THE THIRD-WORLD AND DECISION-MAKING IN THE INTERNATIONAL-MONETARY-FUND - THE QUEST FOR FULL AND EFFECTIVE PARTICIPATION - FERGUSON,T'. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, 64 (4), pp. 680-680.
doi: 10.2307/2626090
Bird G. (1988) 'Does the international financial system discriminate against developing countries?'. Intereconomics, 23 (2), pp. 75-78.
doi: 10.1007/BF02927026
Bird G. (1988) 'Does the international financial system discriminate against developing countries?'. Intereconomics, 23 (3), pp. 75-78.
doi: 10.1007/BF02927026
Bird G. (1988) 'Debt swapping in developing countries: a preliminary investigation'. Journal of Development Studies, 24 (3), pp. 293-309.
BIRD G. (1987) 'DOES AID WORK - CASSEN,R'. JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, 24 (1), pp. 94-96.
doi: 10.1080/00220388708422057
BIRD G. (1987) 'THE INTERNATIONAL DEBT CRISIS OF THE THIRD-WORLD - CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES FOR THE WORLD-ECONOMY - NUNNENKAMP,P'. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, 63 (2), pp. 304-305.
doi: 10.2307/3025449
Bird G. (1987) 'Interest rate compensation and debt: would a cap fit?'. World Development, 15 (9), pp. 1237-1242.
BIRD G. (1987) 'A STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL DEBT'. MILLENNIUM-JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, 16 (3), pp. 473-487.
Bird G. (1986) 'New approaches to country risk.'. Lloyds Bank Review, 162, pp. 1-16.
BIRD G. (1984) 'SOUTH-SOUTH FINANCIAL COOPERATION - APPROACHES TO THE CURRENT CRISIS - THE JAMAICA PAPERS - AVRAMOVIC,D'. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, 60 (1), pp. 129-130.
Bird G. (1984) 'Recycling and OPEC: the need for new instruments.'. Energy Policy, 12 (1), pp. 33-45.
BIRD G. (1984) 'THE OPEN-ECONOMY AND THE WORLD-ECONOMY - A TEXTBOOK IN INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS - WILLIAMSON,J'. JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, 20 (2), pp. 280-281.
BIRD G. (1983) 'REFORMING THE FUND - THE FUTURE-ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL-MONETARY-FUND IN THE INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL-SYSTEM'. THREE BANKS REVIEW, (140), pp. 3-21.
Bird G. (1983) 'The banks and the IMF - division of labour.'. Lloyds Bank Review, 150, pp. 19-33.
BIRD G. (1983) 'THE NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZING COUNTRIES - TRADE AND ADJUSTMENT - TURNER,L, MCMULLEN,N'. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, 59 (3), pp. 472-473.
doi: 10.2307/2618803
Bird G. (1983) 'Should developing countries use currency depreciation as a tool of balance of payments adjustment? A review of the theory and evidence, and a guide for the policy maker.'. Journal of Development Studies, 19 (4), pp. 461-484.
Bird G. (1983) 'Interest rate subsidies on international finance as a means of assisting low-income countries'. World Development, 11 (6), pp. 515-525.
Bird G. (1983) 'Low-income countries and international financial reform.'. Journal of Developing Areas, 18 (1), pp. 53-75.
Bird G. (1983) 'The International Monetary Fund and developing countries: Retrospect and prospect'. De Economist, 131 (2), pp. 161-195.
doi: 10.1007/BF01676307
BIRD G. (1982) 'INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL COOPERATION - A FRAMEWORK FOR CHANGE - STEWART,F, SENGUPTA,A'. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, 58 (4), pp. 686-687.
doi: 10.2307/2618493
Bird G. (1982) 'Conditionality and the needs of developing countries'. Intereconomics, 17 (1), pp. 32-36.
doi: 10.1007/BF02925919
BIRD G. (1982) 'THE THEORY OF COMMODITY PRICE STABILIZATION - A STUDY IN THE ECONOMICS OF RISK - NEWBERRY,DMG, STIGLITZ,JE'. THIRD WORLD QUARTERLY, 4 (4), pp. 796-798.
Bird G, Gutmann P. (1981) 'Foreign aid - the issues ( financial flows).'. National Westminster Bank, Quarterly Review, (August 1981), pp. 36-51.
BIRD G. (1981) 'THE BALANCE OF PAYMENT ADJUSTMENT PROCESS IN DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES - DELL,S, LAWRENCE,R'. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, 57 (2), pp. 329-330.
doi: 10.2307/2619180
Bird G. (1981) 'Reserve currency consolidation, gold policy and financial flows to developing countries: Mechanisms for an aid-augmented substitution account'. World Development, 9 (7), pp. 609-619.
Bird G, Orme T. (1981) 'An analysis of drawings on the international monetary fund by developing countries'. World Development, 9 (6), pp. 563-568.
BIRD G. (1981) 'FINANCING BALANCE OF PAYMENTS DEFICITS IN DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES - THE ROLES OF OFFICIAL AND PRIVATE SECTORS AND THE SCOPE FOR COOPERATION BETWEEN THEM'. THIRD WORLD QUARTERLY, 3 (3), pp. 473-488.
BIRD G, GUTMANN P. (1981) 'FOREIGN-AID - THE ISSUES'. NATIONAL WESTMINSTER BANK QUARTERLY REVIEW, (AUG), pp. 36-51.
BIRD G. (1981) 'DEVELOPING-COUNTRY FINANCES, PRESENT AND FUTURE'. FUTURES, 13 (3), pp. 191-205.
doi: 10.1016/0016-3287(81)90086-0
BIRD G. (1981) 'SDR DISTRIBUTION, INTEREST-RATES AND AID FLOWS'. WORLD ECONOMY, 4 (4), pp. 419-427.
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9701.1981.tb00370.x
BIRD G. (1981) 'THE CONTROVERSIAL ECONOMICS OF THE BRANDT REPORT'. IDS BULLETIN-INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, 12 (2), pp. 69-71.
BIRD G. (1981) 'A POSITIVE APPROACH TO THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORDER .2. NON-TRADE ISSUES - MACBEAN,A, BALASUBRAMANYAN,VN'. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, 57 (1), pp. 129-129.
BIRD G. (1980) 'INTERNATIONAL INDEBTEDNESS AND THE DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES - ABBOTT,GC'. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, 56 (1), pp. 129-129.
doi: 10.2307/2615744
BIRD G. (1980) 'SOME PROPOSALS FOR INCREASING THE SIZE AND IMPROVING THE NATURE OF FINANCIAL FLOWS TO DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES'. RIVISTA INTERNAZIONALE DI SCIENZE ECONOMICHE E COMMERCIALI, 27 (10-1), pp. 1038-1054.
BIRD G. (1980) 'COMMERCIAL BORROWING BY LESS DEVELOPED-COUNTRIES'. THIRD WORLD QUARTERLY, 2 (2), pp. 270-282.
Bird G. (1980) 'Why a new International Development Organisation is needed'. Intereconomics, 15 (4), pp. 185-187.
doi: 10.1007/BF02930850
Bird G. (1979) 'The benefits of special drawing rights for less developed countries'. World Development, 7 (3), pp. 281-290.
BIRD G. (1978) 'CHOICE BETWEEN BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ADJUSTMENT AND FINANCING - GRAPHICAL EXPOSITION'. MALAYAN ECONOMIC REVIEW, 23 (2), pp. 16-20.
BIRD G. (1976) 'ROLE OF SDRS IN FINANCING COMMODITY STABILIZATION'. JOURNAL OF WORLD TRADE, 10 (4), pp. 371-379.
BIRD G. (1976) 'INFORMAL LINK BETWEEN SDR ALLOCATION AND AID - NOTE'. JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, 12 (3), pp. 268-273.
doi: 10.1080/00220387608421582
Maynard G, Bird G. (1975) 'International monetary issues and the developing countries: a survey'. World Development, 3 (9), pp. 609-631.

Conference papers

Bird G, Hussain M, Joyce JP. (2004) 'Many happy returns? Recidivism and the IMF'. ELSEVIER SCI LTD JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MONEY AND FINANCE, BOSTON, MA: Annual Meeting of the AEA/EEA 23 (2), pp. 231-251.
doi: 10.1016/j.jimonfin.2003.12.002

Scholarly editions

Popper H, Mandilaras A, Bird G. (2011) Trilemma Stability and International Macroeconomic Archetypes in Developing Economies.
Bird G, Rowlands D. (2007) The Analysis of Catalysis: IMF Programs and Private Capital Flows.
Bird G, Rowlands D. (2006) Explaining IMF Arrangements: Was Asia Different?.
Arpac O, Bird G, Mandilaras A. (2006) What Determines the Implementation of IMF Programs?.
Bird G, Rowlands D. (2005) Bi-Polar Disorder: Exchange Rate Regimes, Economic Crises and the IMF.
Bird G, Mayer W, Mourmouras A. (2005) The Viability of Economic Reform Programs Supported by the International Financial Institutions.
Rajan R, Siregar R, Bird G. (2003) Examining the case for Reserve Pooling in East Asia: Empirical Analysis.
Bird G. (2003) The Implementation of IMF Programmes: A Conceptual Framework and a Policy Agenda.
Rajan R, Bird G. (2002) Trade Liberalization and Poverty: Where Do We Stand?.
Rajan R, Siregar R, Bird G. (2002) Capital Flows and Regional Financial Interdependencies in the Context of Crises: Evidence From East Asia.
Bird G, Rajan R. (2002) The Political Economy of A Trade-First Approach to Regionalism.
Bird G, Rajan R. (2002) The Evolving Asian Financial Architecture.
Bird G. (1981) Recycling OPEC Surpluses to Developing Countries: Problems and Possibilities.

Teaching

Teaching Materials