Professor Peter McDonald

Professor of Physics

Email:
Phone: Work: 01483 68 6798
Room no: 19 BB 03

Further information

Biography

Peter McDonald was the Head of The Physics Department from 2005 to 2010, having previously joined the Department in 1985. He was awarded The Royal Society Brian Mercer Senior Award for Innovation in 2003. He was the inaugural Director of the Surrey Materials Institute. He is a past chairman of BRSG: The Magnetic Resonance Group of the IoP and of The Magnetic Resonance in Porous Media Division within the Groupement Ampere. He has completed two periods of sabbatical leave; one a Department of Trade and Industry sponsored secondment to Unilever Research Port Sunlight Laboratory and the other as a Humboldt Fellow in the Department of Physics, University of Ulm.

Research Interests

Peter McDonald's research interests focus on the development and application of broad line magnetic resonance imaging and relaxation analysis of molecular dynamics. Since 1985, he and his students have developed a variety of solid state imaging techniques which complement the liquid state methods now widely used for medical imaging. In recent years his interests have tended towards applications to porous media including water transport in cement based systems, solvent ingress into polymers for engineering and biomedical applications and on coatings systems. He coordinates the stray field imaging facility and a range of low-field, permanent bench-top and portable systems at the University of Surrey used in collaboration with a large group of academic and industrial researchers.

Research Collaborations

Recent and current active industrial collaborators include researchers from Unilever, ICI Paints, National Starch, Laplacian, Dipserse Technologies, Napp Pharmaceuticals and, overseas, Traetek (Sweden), Nippon Steel (Japan) and the Nanocem Consortium (Europe wide cement industries).

Publications

Highlights

  • Muller ACA, Scrivener KL, Gajewicz AM, McDonald PJ. (2013) 'Densification of C-S-H measured by H NMR relaxometry'. American Chemical Society Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 117 (1), pp. 403-412.
    doi: 10.1021/jp3102964
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/750903/

    Abstract

    The nanoscale morphology of, and pore water interactions in, calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), the active component of cement, remain uncertain. H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can fully characterize the nanoporosity of C-S-H in as-prepared material without the need for damaging sample drying. We use NMR to follow the density of C-S-H in sealed cured pastes as a function of degree of hydration (α) and water to cement ratio. We show clear evidence for C-S-H densification. The C-S-H "solid" density, exclusive of gel pore water, slightly decreases from ρ = 2.73 g/cm at α ≈ 0.4 to 2.65 g/cmat α ≈ 0.9 due to an increase in the number of layers in the nanocrystalline aggregates. In the same range, the C-S-H "bulk" density, including gel water, increases from around 1.8 to 2.1 g/cm. The increase corresponds to a transition from growth of low-density product containing gel pores to higher density product devoid of gel pores. We update Powers' classical model from 1947. In contrast to the single "hydrate" of Powers, NMR differentiates between C-S-H and calcium hydroxide and separates out the interlayer water within the C-S-H. It shows a clear nonlinearity in the growth of the different fractions with α. © 2012 American Chemical Society.

  • Zalzale M, McDonald PJ. (2012) 'Lattice Boltzmann simulations of the permeability and capillary adsorption of cement model microstructures'. Cement and Concrete Research, 42 (12), pp. 1601-1610.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.09.003
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/744106/

    Abstract

    The lattice Boltzmann method is used to investigate the permeability of microstructures of cement pastes generated using the numerical models CEMHYD3D (Bentz, 1997) and μIC (Bishnoi and Scrivener, 2009). Results are reported as a function of paste water-to-cement ratio and degree of hydration. The permeability decreases with increasing hydration and decreasing water-to-cement ratio in agreement with experiment. However the permeability is larger than the experimental data recorded using beam bending methods (Vichit-Vadakan and Scherer, 2002). Notwithstanding, the lattice Boltzmann results compare favourably with alternate numerical methods of permeability calculation for cement model microstructures. In addition, we show early results for the liquid/vapour capillary adsorption and desorption isotherms in the same model μIC structures. The broad features of the experimental capillary porosity isotherm are reproduced, although further work is required to adequately parameterise the model. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.

  • Jones M, Aptaker PS, Cox J, Gardiner BA, McDonald PJ. (2012) 'A transportable magnetic resonance imaging system for in situ measurements of living trees: The Tree Hugger.'. J Magn Reson, United States: 218, pp. 133-140.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jmr.2012.02.019
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/532652/

    Abstract

    This paper presents the design of the 'Tree Hugger', an open access, transportable, 1.1MHz (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance imaging system for the in situ analysis of living trees in the forest. A unique construction employing NdFeB blocks embedded in a reinforced carbon fibre frame is used to achieve access up to 210mm and to allow the magnet to be transported. The magnet weighs 55kg. The feasibility of imaging living trees in situ using the 'Tree Hugger' is demonstrated. Correlations are drawn between NMR/MRI measurements and other indicators such as relative humidity, soil moisture and net solar radiation.

  • Rodin V, Valori A, McDonald PJ. (2011) 'A 1H double-quantum-filtered NMR study of water in cement pastes'. IOP Publishing Ltd and Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft New Journal of Physics, 13 Article number 035017 , pp. 1-13.
    doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/13/3/035017
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/111028/

    Abstract

    The results of a 1H double-quantum-filtered (DQF) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study of water in cement pastes are reported. It is shown that the DQF signal increases with curing time and in sympathy with the loss of mobile single-quantum signal, suggesting strongly that a signal from 1H in chemically combined and strongly confined water is selectively observed. The DQF signal in white cement comprises at least two components: the first is assigned to portlandite (Ca(OH)2); the second is assigned to water in the planar, nanometre-wide, calcium–silicate–hydrate (C–S–H) gel pores. The pore water signal is significantly broader than that expected for bound water. The width is interpreted in terms of the water undergoing a two-dimensional walk in the vicinity of Fe3+ impurities. A simple model is presented and found to be consistent with experiment and the known Fe3+ concentration. In grey cements, a third component is identified and associated with Fe-rich phases. The analysis places a lower bound on the lateral extent of planar C–S–H pores. The change in DQF signal components upon drying a sample mirrors the loss of the singlequantum components observed in a parallel study.

  • Valori A, Rodin V, McDonald PJ. (2010) 'On the interpretation of H-1 2-dimensional NMR relaxation exchange spectra in cements: Is there exchange between pores with two characteristic sizes or Fe3+ concentrations?'. PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH, 40 (9), pp. 1375-1377.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.03.022
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/111029/
  • McDonald PJ, Rodin V, Valori A. (2010) 'Characterisation of intra- and inter-C-S-H gel pore water in white cement based on an analysis of NMR signal amplitudes as a function of water content'. PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH, 40 (12), pp. 1656-1663.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.08.003
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/111033/
  • McDonald PJ, Aptaker PS, Mitchell J, Mulheron M. (2007) 'A unilateral NMR magnet for sub-structure analysis in the built environment: the Surface GARField.'. J Magn Reson, United States: 185 (1), pp. 1-11.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jmr.2006.11.001
  • Monteilhet L, Korb JP, Mitchell J, McDonald PJ. (2006) 'Observation of exchange of micropore water in cement pastes by two-dimensional T(2)-T(2) nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry.'. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys, United States: 74 (6 Pt 1)
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/175/

    Abstract

    The first detailed analysis of the two-dimensional (2D) NMR T(2)-T(2) exchange experiment with a period of magnetization storage between the two T(2) relaxation encoding periods (T(2)-store-T(2)) is presented. It is shown that this experiment has certain advantages over the T(1)-T(2) variant for the quantization of chemical exchange. New T(2)-store-T(2) 2D 1H NMR spectra of the pore water within white cement paste are presented. Based on these spectra, the exchange rate of water between the two smallest porosity reservoirs is estimated for the first time. It is found to be of the order of 5 ms{-1}. Further, a careful estimate of the pore sizes of these reservoirs is made. They are found to be of the order of 1.4 nm and 10-30 nm , respectively. A discussion of the results is developed in terms of possible calcium silicate hydrate products. A water diffusion coefficient inferred from the exchange rate and the cement particle size is found to compare favorably with the results of molecular-dynamics simulations to be found in the literature.

  • McDonald PJ, Korb JP, Mitchell J, Monteilhet L. (2005) 'Surface relaxation and chemical exchange in hydrating cement pastes: a two-dimensional NMR relaxation study.'. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys, United States: 72 (1 Pt 1)
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/104/

    Abstract

    We report the first nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) two-dimensional correlation T(1) - T(2) and T(2) - T(2) measurements of hydrating cement pastes. A small but distinct cross peak in the two-dimensional relaxation spectrum provides the first direct evidence of chemical exchange of water between gel and capillary pores occurring over the first 14 days of hydration. A correlation of features along the line T(1) = 4T(2) provides strong supportive evidence for the surface diffusion model of (1)H nuclear spin relaxation in cements and for a multimodal discrete pore size distribution. Differences in detail of the results are reported for white cement paste and white cement paste with added silica fume. Both the method and the theory presented can be applied more widely to other high surface area materials with other reactive surface areas.

Journal articles

  • Muller ACA, Scrivener KL, Gajewicz AM, McDonald PJ. (2013) 'Densification of C-S-H measured by H NMR relaxometry'. American Chemical Society Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 117 (1), pp. 403-412.
    doi: 10.1021/jp3102964
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/750903/

    Abstract

    The nanoscale morphology of, and pore water interactions in, calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), the active component of cement, remain uncertain. H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can fully characterize the nanoporosity of C-S-H in as-prepared material without the need for damaging sample drying. We use NMR to follow the density of C-S-H in sealed cured pastes as a function of degree of hydration (α) and water to cement ratio. We show clear evidence for C-S-H densification. The C-S-H "solid" density, exclusive of gel pore water, slightly decreases from ρ = 2.73 g/cm at α ≈ 0.4 to 2.65 g/cmat α ≈ 0.9 due to an increase in the number of layers in the nanocrystalline aggregates. In the same range, the C-S-H "bulk" density, including gel water, increases from around 1.8 to 2.1 g/cm. The increase corresponds to a transition from growth of low-density product containing gel pores to higher density product devoid of gel pores. We update Powers' classical model from 1947. In contrast to the single "hydrate" of Powers, NMR differentiates between C-S-H and calcium hydroxide and separates out the interlayer water within the C-S-H. It shows a clear nonlinearity in the growth of the different fractions with α. © 2012 American Chemical Society.

  • Muller ACA, Scrivener KL, Gajewicz AM, McDonald PJ. (2013) 'Use of bench-top NMR to measure the density, composition and desorption isotherm of C-S-H in cement paste'. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials,
    doi: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2013.01.032
  • Zalzale M, McDonald PJ. (2012) 'Lattice Boltzmann simulations of the permeability and capillary adsorption of cement model microstructures'. Cement and Concrete Research, 42 (12), pp. 1601-1610.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.09.003
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/744106/

    Abstract

    The lattice Boltzmann method is used to investigate the permeability of microstructures of cement pastes generated using the numerical models CEMHYD3D (Bentz, 1997) and μIC (Bishnoi and Scrivener, 2009). Results are reported as a function of paste water-to-cement ratio and degree of hydration. The permeability decreases with increasing hydration and decreasing water-to-cement ratio in agreement with experiment. However the permeability is larger than the experimental data recorded using beam bending methods (Vichit-Vadakan and Scherer, 2002). Notwithstanding, the lattice Boltzmann results compare favourably with alternate numerical methods of permeability calculation for cement model microstructures. In addition, we show early results for the liquid/vapour capillary adsorption and desorption isotherms in the same model μIC structures. The broad features of the experimental capillary porosity isotherm are reproduced, although further work is required to adequately parameterise the model. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.

  • Jones M, Aptaker PS, Cox J, Gardiner BA, McDonald PJ. (2012) 'A transportable magnetic resonance imaging system for in situ measurements of living trees: The Tree Hugger.'. J Magn Reson, United States: 218, pp. 133-140.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jmr.2012.02.019
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/532652/

    Abstract

    This paper presents the design of the 'Tree Hugger', an open access, transportable, 1.1MHz (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance imaging system for the in situ analysis of living trees in the forest. A unique construction employing NdFeB blocks embedded in a reinforced carbon fibre frame is used to achieve access up to 210mm and to allow the magnet to be transported. The magnet weighs 55kg. The feasibility of imaging living trees in situ using the 'Tree Hugger' is demonstrated. Correlations are drawn between NMR/MRI measurements and other indicators such as relative humidity, soil moisture and net solar radiation.

  • Rodin V, Valori A, McDonald PJ. (2011) 'A 1H double-quantum-filtered NMR study of water in cement pastes'. IOP Publishing Ltd and Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft New Journal of Physics, 13 Article number 035017 , pp. 1-13.
    doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/13/3/035017
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/111028/

    Abstract

    The results of a 1H double-quantum-filtered (DQF) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study of water in cement pastes are reported. It is shown that the DQF signal increases with curing time and in sympathy with the loss of mobile single-quantum signal, suggesting strongly that a signal from 1H in chemically combined and strongly confined water is selectively observed. The DQF signal in white cement comprises at least two components: the first is assigned to portlandite (Ca(OH)2); the second is assigned to water in the planar, nanometre-wide, calcium–silicate–hydrate (C–S–H) gel pores. The pore water signal is significantly broader than that expected for bound water. The width is interpreted in terms of the water undergoing a two-dimensional walk in the vicinity of Fe3+ impurities. A simple model is presented and found to be consistent with experiment and the known Fe3+ concentration. In grey cements, a third component is identified and associated with Fe-rich phases. The analysis places a lower bound on the lateral extent of planar C–S–H pores. The change in DQF signal components upon drying a sample mirrors the loss of the singlequantum components observed in a parallel study.

  • Ciampi E, van Ginkel M, McDonald PJ, Pitts S, Bonnist EY, Singleton S, Williamson AM. (2011) 'Dynamic in vivo mapping of model moisturiser ingress into human skin by GARfield MRI.'. NMR Biomed, England: 24 (2), pp. 135-144.
    doi: 10.1002/nbm.1562
  • Cox J, McDonald PJ, Gardiner BA. (2010) 'A study of water exchange in wood by means of 2D NMR relaxation correlation and exchange'. WALTER DE GRUYTER & CO HOLZFORSCHUNG, 64 (2), pp. 259-266.
    doi: 10.1515/HF.2010.036
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/111064/
  • McDonald PJ, Rodin V, Valori A. (2010) 'Characterisation of intra- and inter-C-S-H gel pore water in white cement based on an analysis of NMR signal amplitudes as a function of water content'. PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH, 40 (12), pp. 1656-1663.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.08.003
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/111033/
  • Valori A, Rodin V, McDonald PJ. (2010) 'On the interpretation of H-1 2-dimensional NMR relaxation exchange spectra in cements: Is there exchange between pores with two characteristic sizes or Fe3+ concentrations?'. PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH, 40 (9), pp. 1375-1377.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.03.022
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/111029/
  • Rodriguez R, Alarcon CDLH, Ekanayake P, McDonald PJ, Keddie JL, Barandiaran MJ, Asua JM. (2008) 'Correlation of Silicone Incorporation into Hybrid Acrylic Coatings with the Resulting Hydrophobic and Thermal Properties'. AMER CHEMICAL SOC MACROMOLECULES, 41 (22), pp. 8537-8546.
    doi: 10.1021/ma8006015
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/7419/
  • Keddie JL, Ekanayake P, Koenig AM, Weerakkody TG, Barber N, Johannsmann D, Sear RP, McDonald PJ. (2007) 'Influence of the colloidal stability of latex particles on their distribution in drying films'. AMER CHEMICAL SOC ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, 234
  • McDonald PJ, Mitchell J, Mulheron M, Monteilhet L, Korb JP. (2007) 'Two-dimensional correlation relaxation studies of cement pastes.'. Magn Reson Imaging, United States: 25 (4), pp. 470-473.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mri.2006.11.013
  • Korb J-P, Monteilhet L, McDonald PJ, Mitchell J. (2007) 'Microstructure and texture of hydrated cement-based materials: A proton field cycling relaxometry approach'. PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH, 37 (3), pp. 295-302.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.08.002
  • McDonald PJ, Mitchell J, Mulheron M, Aptaker PS, Korb J-P, Monteilhet L. (2007) 'Two-dimensional correlation relaxometry studies of cement pastes performed using a new one-sided NMR magnet'. PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH, 37 (3), pp. 303-309.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.01.013
  • Korb J-P, McDonald PJ, Monteilhet L, Kalinichev AG, Kirkpatrick RJ. (2007) 'Comparison of proton field-cycling relaxometry and molecular dynamics simulations for proton-water surface dynamics in cement-based materials'. PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH, 37 (3), pp. 348-350.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.02.009
  • McDonald PJ, Aptaker PS, Mitchell J, Mulheron M. (2007) 'A unilateral NMR magnet for sub-structure analysis in the built environment: the Surface GARField.'. J Magn Reson, United States: 185 (1), pp. 1-11.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jmr.2006.11.001
  • Karakosta E, McDonald PJ. (2007) 'An MRI analysis of the dissolution of a soluble drug incorporated within an insoluble polymer tablet'. SPRINGER WIEN APPLIED MAGNETIC RESONANCE, 32 (1-2), pp. 75-91.
    doi: 10.1007/s00723-007-0001-8
  • Monteilhet L, Korb JP, Mitchell J, McDonald PJ. (2006) 'Observation of exchange of micropore water in cement pastes by two-dimensional T(2)-T(2) nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry.'. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys, United States: 74 (6 Pt 1)
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/175/

    Abstract

    The first detailed analysis of the two-dimensional (2D) NMR T(2)-T(2) exchange experiment with a period of magnetization storage between the two T(2) relaxation encoding periods (T(2)-store-T(2)) is presented. It is shown that this experiment has certain advantages over the T(1)-T(2) variant for the quantization of chemical exchange. New T(2)-store-T(2) 2D 1H NMR spectra of the pore water within white cement paste are presented. Based on these spectra, the exchange rate of water between the two smallest porosity reservoirs is estimated for the first time. It is found to be of the order of 5 ms{-1}. Further, a careful estimate of the pore sizes of these reservoirs is made. They are found to be of the order of 1.4 nm and 10-30 nm , respectively. A discussion of the results is developed in terms of possible calcium silicate hydrate products. A water diffusion coefficient inferred from the exchange rate and the cement particle size is found to compare favorably with the results of molecular-dynamics simulations to be found in the literature.

  • Mitchell J, Bluemler P, McDonald PJ. (2006) 'Spatially resolved nuclear magnetic resonance studies of planar samples'. PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY, 48 (4), pp. 161-181.
    doi: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2006.04.001
  • Karakosta E, Jenneson PM, Sear RP, McDonald PJ. (2006) 'Observations of coarsening of air voids in a polymer-highly-soluble crystalline matrix during dissolution.'. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys, United States: 74 (1 Pt 1)
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/91/

    Abstract

    A combination of magnetic resonance imaging and x-ray microcomputed tomography has been used to visualize the development of the internal micro-structure within compressed tablets made from a combination of insoluble particles (Eudragit, a polymer) and soluble particles (diltiazem hydrochloride, a drug), during dissolution in water. Air voids in the tablet are seen to coarsen. The size distribution of the air voids is well fitted by a log-normal distribution with a mean size that grows linearly with time. There is evidence for both diffusion of voids and sudden collapse of individual voids, presumably as they coalesce. The behavior of the voids is studied and compared with models of coarsening; the implications for tablet dissolution are considered.

  • Mallegol J, Bennett G, McDonald PJ, Keddie JL, Dupont O. (2006) 'Skin development during the film formation of waterborne acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives containing tackifying resin'. TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD JOURNAL OF ADHESION, 82 (3), pp. 217-238.
    doi: 10.1080/00218460600646461
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/7104/
  • Gorce J-P, Milestone NB, McDonald PJ. (2006) 'Probing the water phases and microstructure in a model cement blend matrix used for the encapsulation of intermediate level nuclear wastes'. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 932, pp. 767-774.
  • Boguszynska J, Brown MCA, McDonald PJ, Mitchell J, Mulheron M, Tritt-Goc J, Verganelakis DA. (2005) 'Magnetic resonance studies of cement based materials in inhomogeneous magnetic fields'. PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH, 35 (10), pp. 2033-2040.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.06.012
  • McDonald PJ, Akhmerov A, Backhouse LJ, Pitts S. (2005) 'Magnetic resonance profiling of human skin in vivo using GARField magnets.'. J Pharm Sci, United States: 94 (8), pp. 1850-1860.
    doi: 10.1002/jps.20401
  • McDonald PJ, Korb JP, Mitchell J, Monteilhet L. (2005) 'Surface relaxation and chemical exchange in hydrating cement pastes: a two-dimensional NMR relaxation study.'. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys, United States: 72 (1 Pt 1)
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/104/

    Abstract

    We report the first nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) two-dimensional correlation T(1) - T(2) and T(2) - T(2) measurements of hydrating cement pastes. A small but distinct cross peak in the two-dimensional relaxation spectrum provides the first direct evidence of chemical exchange of water between gel and capillary pores occurring over the first 14 days of hydration. A correlation of features along the line T(1) = 4T(2) provides strong supportive evidence for the surface diffusion model of (1)H nuclear spin relaxation in cements and for a multimodal discrete pore size distribution. Differences in detail of the results are reported for white cement paste and white cement paste with added silica fume. Both the method and the theory presented can be applied more widely to other high surface area materials with other reactive surface areas.

  • Backhouse L, Dias M, Gorce JP, Hadgraft J, McDonald PJ, Wiechers JW. (2004) 'GARField magnetic resonance profiling of the ingress of model skin-care product ingredients into human skin in vitro.'. J Pharm Sci, United States: 93 (9), pp. 2274-2283.
    doi: 10.1002/jps.20137
  • Cifelli M, McDonald PJ, Veracini CA. (2004) 'Translational self diffusion in 4-n-octyloxy-4 '-cyanobiphenyl (8OCB) exploited with a static field gradient H-1 NMR diffusometry approach'. ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS, 6 (19), pp. 4701-4706.
    doi: 10.1039/b407359b
  • Keddie JL, McDonald PJ, Gorce J-P, Mallégol J. (2004) 'Understanding water-borne coatings: New techniques to answer old questions'. Surface Coatings International Part A: Coatings Journal, 87 (2), pp. 70-73.
  • Ciampi E, McDonald PJ. (2003) 'Skin formation and water distribution in semicrystalline polymer layers cast from solution: A magnetic resonance imaging study'. AMER CHEMICAL SOC MACROMOLECULES, 36 (22), pp. 8398-8405.
    doi: 10.1021/ma034951j
  • Hunter G, Lane DM, Scrimgeour SN, McDonald PJ, Lloyd CH. (2003) 'Measurement of the diffusion of liquids into dental restorative resins by stray-field nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (STRAFI)'. ELSEVIER SCI LTD DENTAL MATERIALS, 19 (7), pp. 632-638.
    doi: 10.1016/S0109-5641(03)00006-X
  • Bennett G, Gorce JP, Keddie JL, McDonald PJ, Berglind H. (2003) 'Magnetic resonance profiling studies of the drying of film-forming aqueous dispersions and glue layers.'. Magn Reson Imaging, United States: 21 (3-4), pp. 235-241.
  • Dias M, Hadgraft J, Glover PM, McDonald PJ. (2003) 'Stray field magnetic resonance imaging: a preliminary study of skin hydration'. IOP PUBLISHING LTD JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS, 36 (4) Article number PII S0022-3727(03)37441-8 , pp. 364-368.
    doi: 10.1088/0022-3727/36/4/306
  • Mallegol J, Barry AM, Ciampi E, Glover PM, McDonald PJ, Keddie JL, Wallin M, Motiejauskaite A, Weissenborn PK. (2002) 'Influence of drier combination on through-drying in waterborne alkyd emulsion coatings observed with magnetic resonance profiling'. FEDERATION SOC COATING TECH JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY, 74 (933), pp. 113-124.
    doi: 10.1007/BF02697951
  • Gorce JP, Bovey D, McDonald PJ, Palasz P, Taylor D, Keddie JL. (2002) 'Vertical water distribution during the drying of polymer films cast from aqueous emulsions.'. Eur Phys J E Soft Matter, France: 8 (4), pp. 421-429.
    doi: 10.1140/epje/i2002-10023-3
  • Ciampi E, Goerke U, McDonald PJ, Chambers JG, Newling B. (2002) 'Spatially-resolved magnetic resonance study of the dissolution interface between soaps and water'. IOP PUBLISHING LTD JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS, 35 (11) Article number PII S0022-3727(02)33741-0 , pp. 1271-1281.
    doi: 10.1088/0022-3727/35/11/325
  • Mallegol J, Gorce JP, Dupont O, Jeynes C, McDonald PJ, Keddie JL. (2002) 'Origins and effects of a surfactant excess near the surface of waterborne acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives'. AMER CHEMICAL SOC LANGMUIR, 18 (11), pp. 4478-4487.
    doi: 10.1021/la0117698
  • Godward J, Ciampi E, Cifelli M, McDonald PJ. (2002) 'Multidimensional imaging using combined stray field and pulsed gradients.'. J Magn Reson, United States: 155 (1), pp. 92-99.
    doi: 10.1006/jmre.2001.2493
  • Chowdhury A, Gillies A, McDonald PJ, Mulheron M. (2001) 'Vapour phase application of hydrophobic coatings to cement-based materials'. THOMAS TELFORD SERVICES LTD MAGAZINE OF CONCRETE RESEARCH, 53 (5), pp. 347-352.
    doi: 10.1680/macr.53.5.347.39449
  • Lloyd CH, Scrimgeour SN, Lane DM, Hunter G, McDonald PJ. (2001) 'The application of magnetic resonance microimaging to the visible light curing of dental resins - 3. Stray-field nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (STRAFI)'. ELSEVIER SCI LTD DENTAL MATERIALS, 17 (5), pp. 381-387.
    doi: 10.1016/S0109-5641(00)00085-3
  • Keddie JL, Gorce JP, Mallegol J, Wallin M, Barry AM, Ciampi E, Motiejauskaite A, Glover PM, McDonald PJ, Weissenborn PK. (2001) 'MR profiling of film formation and crosslinking in waterborne alkyd emulsions and emulsion paints.'. AMER CHEMICAL SOC ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, 222, pp. U378-U378.
  • Salamanca JM, Ciampi E, Faux DA, Glover PM, McDonald PJ, Routh AF, Peters ACIA, Satguru R, Keddie JL. (2001) 'Lateral drying in thick films of waterborne colloidal particles'. AMER CHEMICAL SOC LANGMUIR, 17 (11), pp. 3202-3207.
    doi: 10.1021/la001590h
  • Hopkinson I, Jones RAL, McDonald PJ, Newling B, Lecat A, Livings S. (2001) 'Water ingress into starch and sucrose : starch systems'. ELSEVIER SCI LTD POLYMER, 42 (11), pp. 4947-4956.
    doi: 10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00927-7
  • Sackin R, Ciampi E, Godward J, Keddie JL, McDonald PJ. (2001) 'Fickian ingress of binary solvent mixtures into glassy polymer'. AMER CHEMICAL SOC MACROMOLECULES, 34 (4), pp. 890-895.
    doi: 10.1021/ma001442y
  • McDonald PJ, Godward J, Sackin R, Sear RP. (2001) 'Surface flux limited diffusion of solvent into polymer'. AMER CHEMICAL SOC MACROMOLECULES, 34 (4), pp. 1048-1057.
    doi: 10.1021/ma001177g
  • Holl Y, Keddie JL, McDonald PJ, Winnik WA. (2001) 'Drying modes of polymer colloids'. ACS Symposium Series, 790, pp. 2-26.
  • Wallin M, Glover PM, Hellgren AC, Keddie JL, McDonald PJ. (2000) 'Depth profiles of polymer mobility during the film formation of a latex dispersion undergoing photoinitiated cross-linking'. AMER CHEMICAL SOC MACROMOLECULES, 33 (22), pp. 8443-8452.
    doi: 10.1021/ma000787d
  • Goerke U, Chamberlain AH, Crilly EA, McDonald PJ. (2000) 'Model for water transport into powdered xanthan combining gel swelling and vapor diffusion.'. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics, UNITED STATES: 62 (4 Pt B), pp. 5353-5359.
  • Laity PR, Glover PM, Godward J, McDonald PJ, Hay JN. (2000) 'Structural studies and diffusion measurements of water-swollen cellophane by NMR imaging'. KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL CELLULOSE, 7 (3), pp. 227-246.
    doi: 10.1023/A:1009249332222
  • Ciampi E, Goerke U, Keddie JL, McDonald PJ. (2000) 'Lateral transport of water during drying of alkyd emulsions'. AMER CHEMICAL SOC LANGMUIR, 16 (3), pp. 1057-1065.
    doi: 10.1021/la990993i

Conference papers

  • Ekanayake P, McDonald PJ, Keddie JL. (2009) 'An experimental test of the scaling prediction for the spatial distribution of water during the drying of colloidal films'. EDP SCIENCES S A EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL-SPECIAL TOPICS, Paris, FRANCE: 7th Biannual European Coating Symposium 166, pp. 21-27.
    doi: 10.1140/epjst/e2009-00872-4
    Full text is available at: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/7179/
  • Hellgren AC, Wallin M, Weissenborn PK, McDonald PJ, Glover PM, Keddie JL. (2001) 'New techniques for determining the extent of crosslinking in coatings'. ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS, ATHENS, GREECE: Conference on Organic Coatings and Technology 43 (1-3), pp. 85-98.
    doi: 10.1016/S0300-9440(01)00215-6

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