Professor Jennifer X Wen
About
Biography
Jennifer Wen joined the School of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey as Professor in Energy Resilience in January 2023. Prior to this, she was Professor at University of Warwick for nearly 10 years, where she established and led Warwick FIRE, a multidisciplinary research laboratory for both fundamental and applied research in fire, explosions and other safety related reactive and non-reactive flows. Jennifer also held positions at Computational Dynamics Limited (founding vendor of STAR-CCM), British Gas plc, South Bank University and Kingston University London, where she was full professor since 2000 and Head of Research for Engineering from 1999-2012.
Jennifer is a Fellow of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. She is Vice-Chairman of the International Association for Fire Safety Science (IAFSS) and Chair the IAFSS Research Sub-Committee. She is a Steering Committee Member of the British Section of the Combustion Institute, UK Explosion Liaison Group, member and Sub-Task Leader for the European Hydrogen Safety Panel (EHSP), established by the Clean Hydrogen Joint Undertaking of the European Commission. Jennifer currently sits on the Editorial Board of the Proceedings of the Combustion Institute.
Jennifer’s research covers a wide range of topics including fire dynamics, flame spread, façade fires, battery fires, glazing behaviour in fires, and gas explosions. Her expertise is primarily in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling of fire and explosions. She has applied fundamental combustion science to study a wide range of fire scenarios including liquid pool and gas burner fires, single and multi-phase jet fires, flame spread over solid and liquid fuels, façade fires as well as fires in buildings and tunnels. Her expertise further extends to fire and explosion safety in emerging energy technologies, especially hydrogen and batteries.
Jennifer has launched Fire and Explosion Modelling Group (FEMG), which is a multi-disciplinary research group specialising in the development and validation of consequence modelling tools to address cross cutting safety and environmental issues related to energy, transport and environment, especially in the context of Net Zero.
Jennifer leads the "Energy and Environment" Programme at the pan-university Institute for Sustainability. She is also a Fellow of the Institute for People Centred Artificial Intelligence.
Areas of specialism
My qualifications
Fire and Explosion Modelling Group (FEMG)
Fire and Explosion Modelling Group (FEMG) is a multi-disciplinary research group specialising in the development and validation of consequence modelling tools to address cross cutting safety issues related to energy, transport and environment. Research within SCM is directed to the following areas:
- Hydrogen safety engineering
- Safety of lithium-ion batteries
- Safety of liquified natural gas
- Fires in the built and natural environment
- Pipeline safety.
News
In the media
ResearchResearch interests
Professor Wen’s research focuses on numerical studies of safety related reactive and non- reactive flows. Her team specializes in the development of physics-based sub-models and modelling approaches to capture the underlying physics of complex safety problems. Most of the development has been conducted within the frame of open source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code OpenFOAM® to facilitate model validation and application.
Professor Wen has applied fundamental combustion science to study a wide range of fire scenarios including liquid pool and gas burner fires, single and multi-phase jet fires, flame spread, façade fires and fires in enclosures. In such studies, her team developed physics based sub-models for combustion, radiative heat transfer and soot. More recently, her team is developing predictive tools for lithium-ion battery fires.
An important theme of Professor Wen’s research is modelling safety related reactive flows relevant to the petrochemical industry for which she has received support from several international energy companies. Her research has encompassed fundamental characteristics of flame acceleration (FA) and deflagration to detonation transition (DDT), flame/detonation arresters, Micromist for explosion mitigation and confined/semi-confined gas explosions.
Professor Wen collaborate extensively with experimentalists and modelers across the world in both academia and industry. The fire models her team developed have been used by the industrial sponsor to help reduce the number of large-scale fire tests in developing fire protection measures and other academics in their research. The predictive tool her team developed for turbulent deflagrations incorporating the effect of obstacles has been used by collaborators in industry to conduct safety assessment of their facilities. An engineering model for predicting the peak overpressure in vented explosions has been accepted for inclusion in the relevant European Standard and has already been used by several companies in Europe and UK.
Strategic themes
Hydrogen energy applications
Detailed analysis about safety issues related to hydrogen energy applications, working closely with international energy companies. This aspect of work covers fire and explosions as well as indoor dispersion from small hydrogen leaks and the atmospheric dispersion from large scale spill of cryogenic liquid hydrogen as well as the resulting jet fire and vapour cloud explosions. Within the frame of OpenFOAM, Jennifer’s team has developed and validated an in-house HyFOAM solver for predicting:
- Hydrogen jet fires in both atmospheric and cryogenic conditions
- Spontaneous ignition in pressurized hydrogen release
- Cryogenic hydrogen jets
- Atmospheric dispersion following large scale spill of cryogenic liquid hydrogen
- FA and DDT in premixed hydrogen flames incorporating the effect of turbulence and mixture inhomogeneity
- The response of compressed hydrogen cylinders under fire attack incorporating the pressurized hydrogen, liner, composite laminate, and fire
- Hydrogen explosions (including vented explosions) incorporating the effects of obstacles.
Lithium ion batteries for transport and energy storage
Analytical, experimental, and numerical studies of thermal runaway (TR) in lithium-ion batteries (LIB) with particular focus on the mechanisms of TR and its propagation in LIB clusters and modules. Within the frame of OpenFOAM, Jennifer’s team has developed and validated an in-house LibFOAM solver which contains:
- An electrothermal model to capture the evolution from normal operation to abuse condition and TR
- A thermal abuse model to analyse the effect of single cell TR on the neighbouring cells. The work is inherently collaborative involving extensive collaboration with industry and academics internationally
- A vent model to predict the internal pressure evolution during LIB TR
- A coupled venting, ejection and fire model for LIB clusters.
Liquified natural gas
The main hazard of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is the flammable vapour which can extend to kilometres as a greenhouse gas; or be ignited resulting in fire and explosions. Within the frame of OpenFOAM, Jennifer’s team has developed LNGFOAM for predicting:
- pool spread, evaporation and dispersion following LNG spill on land and water
- LNG rollover
- flashing of cryogenic LNG jets
- vapour cloud formation from LNG/other liquid fuel cascade
- LNG pool fires incorporating the dynamic prediction of mass burning rates.
Carbon capture and storage (CCS)
CCS technology involves the transport of compressed gas/liquid/dense phase carbon dioxide (CO2) via pipelines and process systems. Research has been conducted with industrial support on the decompression characteristics of rich gas and liquid/dense phase CO2 following pipeline rupture to help determining the toughness required to arrest a running ductile fracture in a pipeline. Professor Wen’s team developed and validated CFD based predictive tools to predict the transient decompression process following pipeline rupture as well as the atmospheric dispersion of the released CO2 incorporating terrain and weather effects.
Research projects
pre-Normative Research on Hydrogen Releases Assessment (NHyRA)Clean Hydrogen Partnership, Horizon Europe (2024 - 2027)
Gases, sparks and flames – a numerical study of lithium-ion battery failure in closed spaces and its mitigation, HORIZON Europe (2024-2026)The project aims to develop and validate a robust model within the frame of open-source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code OpenFOAM for the whole process of TR evolution and the propagation of TR in closed clusters/packs.
CFD simulations of hydrogen dispersion, fire and explosions (2023-2025)Devevlopemtn and validation of CFD based predictive capability for an energy company.
Predicting the limiting conditions for the onset of wind-driven fire whirls (2022-2024)Develop and validate cutting edge predictive tools based on the in-house modified FIreFOAM to advance our understanding of the complex interactions that occur during the generation and growth of fire whirls (funded by the Leverhulme Trust).
Modelling thermal runaway propagation in lithium-ion battery packs(LibTR) (2022-2024)Develop and validate a predictive tool for TR propagation in LIB packs based on the in-house single cell TR model LibFOAM and fire simulation solver FireFOAM, funded by EU Horizon 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions (MSCA).
Predictive tools for turbulent combustion of hydrogen-enriched natural gas through carefully reduced kinetic mechanisms (2022-2024)Numerical investigations about the combustion characteristics of hydrogen-enhanced natural gas, funded by EU Horizon 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions.
The in-house modified OpenFOAM will be used to simulate specific scenarios including vent gas caused by passive heat leak into both liquid hydrogen tanks, full bore break of tank nozzle, inadvertent jettison on ground and failure of wing-mounted fuel line. The predictions will be used to establish the regions with hydrogen concentrations to be within the flammability limits, fudned by Stratospheric Platforms Ltd.
Work Package Leader for WP5 "Modelling of LIB thermal runaway and its papagation". Innovate UK Faraday Challenge project, led by Jaguar Land Rover.
Further advancement of the models developed in LibRIS (2021-2022)Further validation of the model developed in LibRIS for thermal runaway mitigation measures, funded by the UK Research UK Research and Innovation.
Evaluate safety zones and mitigation measures for cryogenic liquid hydrogen refuelling infrastructure at airports using the in-house modified OpenFOAM code CFD, funded by the Transport Research and Innovation Grant.
Work Package Leader for WP5 "Modelling of LIB thermal runaway and its papagation". Innovate UK Faraday Challenge project, led by 3M.
A pan European project to fill the respective knowledge gaps associated with the safety of liquid hydrogen through experimental campaign and valdiation of CFD models and engineering correlations, funded by EU Horizon 2020, Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH JU).
In situ stress analysis of lithium-ion battery cell (2018-2020)Numerical modelling of thermal behaviour and structure response of lithium ion cells in abuse conditions, funded by Horizon 2020 MSCA.
Partnership Agreement with KU for PI time lead SafeLNG as Co-ordinator and Scientist in Charge (2014-2020)Collaborative agreement to lead EU MSCA SafeLNG project as Co-ordinator and Scientist in Charge on behalf of Kingston University, funded by Kingston University.
The proposed Innovative Doctoral Training Programme (IDP) isl focused on the numerical characterization and simulation of the complex physics underpinning the safe handling of LNG, funded by the EU FP7 MSCA IDP instrument.
Funded by EPSRC.
Developing computationally efficient approaches for modelling radiative heat transfer of soot and evaporating water droplets in FireFOAM (2014-2018)Development and validation of sub-models for combustion, soot and radiative heat transfer for fire simulatins, funded by FM Global.
Numerical characterisation of fire growth in external facades and other vertical spaces (FACADE FIRE) (2016-2018)Experimental and numerical investigations of flames ejected from enclosure fires in external facades and other vertical spaces such as atrium, void spaces and staircases, funded by EU FP7 MSCA Fellow instrument.
Electro-thermal modelling of lithium-ion battery packs from the safety perspective (SAFE LIB) (2015-2017)Development and validation of a genric model for predicting LIB thermal runaway, funded by the MSCA Fellowship instrument.
Numerical Characterisation and Modelling of Syngas Combustion (SYNGAS) (2015-2017)EU FP7 MSCA Fellow.
Fully Coupled Fluid-Solid Simulation of Upward Flame Spread and Fire Growth (FLAME SPREAD) (2013-2015)Nuemrcial simualtions of upwards flame spread, funded by the MSCA Fellowship instrument.
KTP collaboration with DNV (2014-2016)Development of efficient CFD modelling approaches for offshore oil and gas safety, funded by Technology Strategy Board.
Dense Phase CO2 PipeLine TRANSportation (COOLTRANS) (2012-2016)Develop and validate predictive tools for modelling large scale CO2 dispersion simulations, funded by National Grid.
DNS and LES of flame acceleration and detonation in vapour cloud explosions (2011-2013)Numerical simulation to investigate FA and DDT in vapour cloud explosions, funded by EU FP7 MSCA Fellowship instrument.
The project trained 10 early-stage researchers to work in inter nationally recognised inter-disciplinary and multi-disciplinary research teams of scientists and engineers to acquire specific scientific skills and competencies in the diffusion, ignition and combustion of hydrogen within the context of fire and explosion safety, funded by EU FP7 MSCA Initial Training Network instrument.
Rich gas and gaseous CO2 pipeline decompression (2009)Develop CFD models to predict the decompression characterisic of dense phase carbon dioxide (CO2) pipelines for transport of captured CO2 for strorage in the context of Carbon Capture and Storage, funded by National Grid
Development of Corrosion-Erosion Model within the frame of OpenFOAM (2015-2019)Numerical investigation of the hydrodynamic effects on the potential of pipeline erosion and corrosion.
Observation and analysis of streak development leading to group streak breakdown in relation to cavitation inception (2015-2018)Numerical study, using in-houe modified OpenFOAM, foer the boundary layer flow leading to the group streak breakdown to gain insight of cavitation inception.
Consequence analysis of sour hydrocarbon gas dispersion (2015-2023)Develop and validate predictive methods in the frame of OpenFOAM to predict the atmospheric dispersion of accidental releases of sour gas, which contains measurable amounts of hydrogen sulphide.
HySEA: Hydrogen Safety for Energy Applications (2015-2018)The project aimed to improve hydrogen safety through pre‐normative research on vented deflagrations. Consortium partners were GexCon (co-ordinator), University of Warwick, University of Pisa, Impetus AFEA, Fike Europe and Hefei University of Technology.
Quenching Mechanism and Scalability of Parallel Rod Flame Arrester (2009)Numerical study using implicit large eddy simulation about the quenching mechanism and scalability of parallel rod flame arrester, funded by BP.
LES of pancake cloud detonation (2009)Numerical study to investigate the transient profiles of overpressure and its impact following pancake cloud detonation in support of the explosion mechanism investigation following the Buncefield Incident, funded by GL Nobal Denton on contract from the Health and Safety Executive.
Modelling radiation heat transfer in glazing structures within a LES based fire model (2006-2008)Develop and validate CFD models for predicting glazing behaviour in fires, funded by NSG Pilkington.
NANOMIST for fire suppression and explosion control (2006-2009)Numerical simulations of the fire supression characteristics, EU FP6 MSCA Fellow, £147K.
Dispersion of Micromist in enclosures (2008)Numerical evaluation of the mitigation potential of Micromist to inhibit the propagation of a premixed turbulent flame, fudned by BP
Fire and smoke propagation on offshore platformsNumerical simualtion to assist the evaluation of potential effects of some mitigation measures on fire and smoke propagation, funded by BP.
LES of basement fires (2008)Numerical study to investige the propensity to re-ignition in vitiated fire environment following vent opening (Phase II), funded by the Department of Communities and Local Government.
LES of basement fires (2007)Numerical study about the propensity to re-ignition in vitiated fire environment following vent opening (Phase I), funded by the Deputy Primer Minister's office.
CFD modelling of fire propagation in complex buildings (2006-2008)Developing LES based fire modelling capability, KTP with Jeremy Gardener Associates.
Formation of pyrolytic carbon in an oxy-gas burner nozzleNumerical investigation on the formation of pyrolytic carbon in an oxy-gas burner nozzle, funded by Five Groups Ltd.
Under-ventilated compartment fires (2002-2006)Under-ventilated compartment fires, funded by EU FP5 Marie Curie Innovative Doctroal Training Networt. Leading 8 partners and 1 sub-contractor as s Co-ordinator and Scientist in Charge.
Tunnel fire (2020-2021)Collaborative experimental and numerical study about the fire behaviour and smoke propagation in a tunnel-style depot.
Indicators of esteem
2021- present Vice-Chairman (Europe & Africa), International Association of Fire Safety Science (IAFSS), Chair of IAFSS Research Sub-committee
2019 - present Steering Committee Member, British Section of the Combustion Institute
2019 - 2020 Guest Editor, Special Issue on Lithium-ion Battery Fire Safety, Fire Technology
2018 - present Member and Sub-Task Leader, European Hydrogen Safety Panel, established by Clean Hydrogen Joint Undertaking, European Commission
2019 - present Guest Editor, Special issue on the International Symposium on Hydrogen Fire, Explosion and Safety Standards (ISHFESS 2018), 6–8 July 2018, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
2015 - present Member of the Science Board, UK Engineering and Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC) SUPERGEN Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Research Hub
2015 - 2019 Deputy Leader, Safety Task Group for the International Energy Agency
2007 - present Steering Committee Member, UK Explosion Liaison Group(UKELG)
2016 - 2017 Guest editor, special issues on hydrogen safety for the International J of Hydrogen Energy
2010 - present Editorial board, J of Fire Safety Science
2006 – 2009 Member, Expert Advisory Council for the EU Network of Excellence on Hydrogen Safety (HySAFE)
Organisation/Scientific Committees of Conferences
2023 Member of the Scientific Committee, International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Quebec, Canada, September 19-21, 2023
2023 Colloquium Co-Chair & Awards Committee Co-Chair, 14th International Symposium on Fire Safety Science, Tsukuba, Japan, October 22-27, 2023
2022 Colloquium Co-Chair, International Symposium on Combustion, Vancouver, Canada, July 24-29, 2022
2021 Awards Co-Chair and Topic Area Co-Leader of Fire Dynamics for the 13th International Symp. on Fire Safety Science, University of Waterloo, Canada
2021 Scientific Committee, 9th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Edinburgh, UK.
2021 Vice Chair, Organising Committee, 2nd International Symp. on Lithium Battery Fire Safety, Hefei, China
2021 Scientific Committee and Co-Chair of the organising committee for the 2nd International Symp. on Hydrogen Fire, Explosion and Safety Standard (ISHFESS2021), Hefei, China
2019 Program Committee, 27th International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems (ICDERS), Beijing, China
2019 Vice Chair, Organising Committee, 1st International Symp. on Lithium Battery Fire Safety, Hefei, China
2019 Scientific Committee, 8th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Adelaide, Australia
2019 Organising committee member, 4th International Conference on “Battery and Fuel Cell Technology", September 05-06, 2019 Berlin, Germany
2018 Scientific Committee, 3rd European Symp. on Fire Safety Science, Nancy, France
2018 Scientific Committee and Co-Chair of the organising committee for the 1st International Symp. on Hydrogen Fire, Explosion and Safety Standard (ISHFESS2018), Hefei, China
2018 Organising committee member, 3rd International Conference on “Battery and Fuel Cell Technology", London, UK
2018 International Advisory Committee and Scientific Committee, 2018 International Symp. on Safety Science and Technology (2018 ISSST), Shanghai, China
2017 Vice Chair, Programme Committee, 8th International Conference on Fire Science and Fire Protection Engineering, Nanjing, China
2017 Session Chair, 26th International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems (ICDERS), Boston, USA
2017 Session Chair, 12th International Symp. on Fire Safety Science, Lund, Sweden, June 2017
2017 Scientific Committee, 7th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Hamburg, Germany
2016 Organising committee member, 3rd International Conference on “Battery and Fuel Cell Technology", Dubai, UAE
2016 Chair of the Organising Committee, UKELG Workshop on “Advances in explosion modelling”, Coventry, UK
2015 Scientific Committee, 6th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Yokohama, Japan
2013 Scientific Committee, 5th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Brussels, Belgium
2012 Scientific Committee, 4th International Congress on Combustion and Fire Dynamics, San Sebastian, Spain
2011 Program and Scientific Committee, 23rd International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems (ICDERS), University of California Irvine, USA
2011 Scientific Committee, 4th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, San Francisco, USA
2010 Member of Scientific Committee, 3rd International Congress on Combustion and Fire Dynamics, San Sebastian, Spain
2010 Scientific Committee, 2nd International Congress on Combustion and Fire Dynamics, San Sebastian, Spain
2008 Scientific Committee, 1st International Congress on Combustion and Fire Dynamics, San Sebastian, Spain2008 Scientific Committee, 1st International Congress on Combustion and Fire Dynamics, San Sebastian, Spain
2009 Scientific Committee, 3rd International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Ajaccio, Corsica, France
2007 Scientific Committee, International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, San Sebastian, Spain 2007
2006 Scientific Committee, International Seminar on Fire and Gas Explosion (UK), Workshop on Enclosure Fires, Belfast
Keynote Speeches/Plenary Lectures
2023 14th International Symposium on Fire Safety Science, Tsukuba, Japan, October 22-27, 2023
2023 3rd International Symp. on Lithium Battery Fire Safety, Qingdao, China
2021 2nd International Symp. on Hydrogen Fire, Explosion and Safety Standard, Hefei, China
2019 1st International Symp. on Lithium Battery Fire Safety, Hefei, China
2018 11th Asia-Oceania Symposium on Fire Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
2017 8th International Conference on Fire Science and Fire Protection Engineering, Nanjing, China
2016 International Conference on Battery Technology, Dubai, DAE
2016 Int Symp. on Safety and Technology, Kunmin, China
2016 7th International Conference on Fire Science and Fire Protection Engineering (Fire Safety for Super High-rise Building), Guangzhou, China
2016 International Symp. on Fire Engineering Technology, Tianjin, China
2016 Hydrogen & Fuel Cell SUPERGEN Researcher Conference, University of Birmingham, UK
2016 3rd International Symp., The 21st Century Centre of Excellence Program, Tokyo University of Science, 2008
2013 6th International Conference on Performance Based Codes, Wuhan, China
CFD modelling capability
Developed and validated a series of solvers within the frame of open-source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code OpenFOAM® for a variety of safety related reactive and non-reactive flows. These modified solvers are primarily used for internal research. Those interested in related capabilities should contact j.wen@surrey.ac.uk to discuss needs and possibilities to acquire a tailored version through research contracts.
- HyFOAM for both gas and cryogenic liquid hydrogen release, fire and explosions. It includes a collection of modified in-house solvers for:
Safety of gaseous hydrogen (GH2)
- Small leaks
- Spontaneous ignition in pressurised hydrogen release
- Jet fires
- Hydrogen explosions (including vented explosions)
- Flame acceleration and deflagration to detonation transition
Safety of cryogenic liquid hydrogen (LH2)
- LH2 vapour cloud from sudden catastrophic release
- LH2 vapour cloud from jet release
- LH2 jet fires
- Vapour cloud explosions (VCE)
- DDT-FOAM for predicting flame acceleration and transition from deflagration to detonationCylinderFOAM for predicting the response of high-pressure cylinders under fire attack
- LNG-FOAM for predicting pool spread, evaporation and dispersion following LNG spill on land/water, rollover in LNG tanks, flashing cryogenic jets, vapour cloud formation from LNG/other liquid fuel cascade and LNG pool fires
- LibFOAM, an electro-thermal model to capture the evolution of lithium ion batteries from normal operation, abuse condition to thermal runaway
- In-house version of FireFOAM with specially developed sub-models for combustion, soot and radiative heat transfer in fire simulations as well as dynamic predictions of mass burning rate of liquid pool fires
- CFD-DECOM for predicting the decompression characteristics of rich gas and dense phase carbon dioxide (CO2) following pipeline rupture in the context of carbon capture and storage (CCS)
- CO2FOAM for predicting the atmospheric dispersion of the released CO2 for CCS applications
- CFD-GLAZ for predicting the response of glazing systems in elevated temperature.
Research interests
Professor Wen’s research focuses on numerical studies of safety related reactive and non- reactive flows. Her team specializes in the development of physics-based sub-models and modelling approaches to capture the underlying physics of complex safety problems. Most of the development has been conducted within the frame of open source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code OpenFOAM® to facilitate model validation and application.
Professor Wen has applied fundamental combustion science to study a wide range of fire scenarios including liquid pool and gas burner fires, single and multi-phase jet fires, flame spread, façade fires and fires in enclosures. In such studies, her team developed physics based sub-models for combustion, radiative heat transfer and soot. More recently, her team is developing predictive tools for lithium-ion battery fires.
An important theme of Professor Wen’s research is modelling safety related reactive flows relevant to the petrochemical industry for which she has received support from several international energy companies. Her research has encompassed fundamental characteristics of flame acceleration (FA) and deflagration to detonation transition (DDT), flame/detonation arresters, Micromist for explosion mitigation and confined/semi-confined gas explosions.
Professor Wen collaborate extensively with experimentalists and modelers across the world in both academia and industry. The fire models her team developed have been used by the industrial sponsor to help reduce the number of large-scale fire tests in developing fire protection measures and other academics in their research. The predictive tool her team developed for turbulent deflagrations incorporating the effect of obstacles has been used by collaborators in industry to conduct safety assessment of their facilities. An engineering model for predicting the peak overpressure in vented explosions has been accepted for inclusion in the relevant European Standard and has already been used by several companies in Europe and UK.
Strategic themes
Hydrogen energy applications
Detailed analysis about safety issues related to hydrogen energy applications, working closely with international energy companies. This aspect of work covers fire and explosions as well as indoor dispersion from small hydrogen leaks and the atmospheric dispersion from large scale spill of cryogenic liquid hydrogen as well as the resulting jet fire and vapour cloud explosions. Within the frame of OpenFOAM, Jennifer’s team has developed and validated an in-house HyFOAM solver for predicting:
- Hydrogen jet fires in both atmospheric and cryogenic conditions
- Spontaneous ignition in pressurized hydrogen release
- Cryogenic hydrogen jets
- Atmospheric dispersion following large scale spill of cryogenic liquid hydrogen
- FA and DDT in premixed hydrogen flames incorporating the effect of turbulence and mixture inhomogeneity
- The response of compressed hydrogen cylinders under fire attack incorporating the pressurized hydrogen, liner, composite laminate, and fire
- Hydrogen explosions (including vented explosions) incorporating the effects of obstacles.
Lithium ion batteries for transport and energy storage
Analytical, experimental, and numerical studies of thermal runaway (TR) in lithium-ion batteries (LIB) with particular focus on the mechanisms of TR and its propagation in LIB clusters and modules. Within the frame of OpenFOAM, Jennifer’s team has developed and validated an in-house LibFOAM solver which contains:
- An electrothermal model to capture the evolution from normal operation to abuse condition and TR
- A thermal abuse model to analyse the effect of single cell TR on the neighbouring cells. The work is inherently collaborative involving extensive collaboration with industry and academics internationally
- A vent model to predict the internal pressure evolution during LIB TR
- A coupled venting, ejection and fire model for LIB clusters.
Liquified natural gas
The main hazard of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is the flammable vapour which can extend to kilometres as a greenhouse gas; or be ignited resulting in fire and explosions. Within the frame of OpenFOAM, Jennifer’s team has developed LNGFOAM for predicting:
- pool spread, evaporation and dispersion following LNG spill on land and water
- LNG rollover
- flashing of cryogenic LNG jets
- vapour cloud formation from LNG/other liquid fuel cascade
- LNG pool fires incorporating the dynamic prediction of mass burning rates.
Carbon capture and storage (CCS)
CCS technology involves the transport of compressed gas/liquid/dense phase carbon dioxide (CO2) via pipelines and process systems. Research has been conducted with industrial support on the decompression characteristics of rich gas and liquid/dense phase CO2 following pipeline rupture to help determining the toughness required to arrest a running ductile fracture in a pipeline. Professor Wen’s team developed and validated CFD based predictive tools to predict the transient decompression process following pipeline rupture as well as the atmospheric dispersion of the released CO2 incorporating terrain and weather effects.
Research projects
Clean Hydrogen Partnership, Horizon Europe (2024 - 2027)
The project aims to develop and validate a robust model within the frame of open-source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code OpenFOAM for the whole process of TR evolution and the propagation of TR in closed clusters/packs.
Devevlopemtn and validation of CFD based predictive capability for an energy company.
Develop and validate cutting edge predictive tools based on the in-house modified FIreFOAM to advance our understanding of the complex interactions that occur during the generation and growth of fire whirls (funded by the Leverhulme Trust).
Develop and validate a predictive tool for TR propagation in LIB packs based on the in-house single cell TR model LibFOAM and fire simulation solver FireFOAM, funded by EU Horizon 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions (MSCA).
Numerical investigations about the combustion characteristics of hydrogen-enhanced natural gas, funded by EU Horizon 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions.
The in-house modified OpenFOAM will be used to simulate specific scenarios including vent gas caused by passive heat leak into both liquid hydrogen tanks, full bore break of tank nozzle, inadvertent jettison on ground and failure of wing-mounted fuel line. The predictions will be used to establish the regions with hydrogen concentrations to be within the flammability limits, fudned by Stratospheric Platforms Ltd.
Work Package Leader for WP5 "Modelling of LIB thermal runaway and its papagation". Innovate UK Faraday Challenge project, led by Jaguar Land Rover.
Further validation of the model developed in LibRIS for thermal runaway mitigation measures, funded by the UK Research UK Research and Innovation.
Evaluate safety zones and mitigation measures for cryogenic liquid hydrogen refuelling infrastructure at airports using the in-house modified OpenFOAM code CFD, funded by the Transport Research and Innovation Grant.
Work Package Leader for WP5 "Modelling of LIB thermal runaway and its papagation". Innovate UK Faraday Challenge project, led by 3M.
A pan European project to fill the respective knowledge gaps associated with the safety of liquid hydrogen through experimental campaign and valdiation of CFD models and engineering correlations, funded by EU Horizon 2020, Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH JU).
Numerical modelling of thermal behaviour and structure response of lithium ion cells in abuse conditions, funded by Horizon 2020 MSCA.
Collaborative agreement to lead EU MSCA SafeLNG project as Co-ordinator and Scientist in Charge on behalf of Kingston University, funded by Kingston University.
The proposed Innovative Doctoral Training Programme (IDP) isl focused on the numerical characterization and simulation of the complex physics underpinning the safe handling of LNG, funded by the EU FP7 MSCA IDP instrument.
Funded by EPSRC.
Development and validation of sub-models for combustion, soot and radiative heat transfer for fire simulatins, funded by FM Global.
Experimental and numerical investigations of flames ejected from enclosure fires in external facades and other vertical spaces such as atrium, void spaces and staircases, funded by EU FP7 MSCA Fellow instrument.
Development and validation of a genric model for predicting LIB thermal runaway, funded by the MSCA Fellowship instrument.
EU FP7 MSCA Fellow.
Nuemrcial simualtions of upwards flame spread, funded by the MSCA Fellowship instrument.
Development of efficient CFD modelling approaches for offshore oil and gas safety, funded by Technology Strategy Board.
Develop and validate predictive tools for modelling large scale CO2 dispersion simulations, funded by National Grid.
Numerical simulation to investigate FA and DDT in vapour cloud explosions, funded by EU FP7 MSCA Fellowship instrument.
The project trained 10 early-stage researchers to work in inter nationally recognised inter-disciplinary and multi-disciplinary research teams of scientists and engineers to acquire specific scientific skills and competencies in the diffusion, ignition and combustion of hydrogen within the context of fire and explosion safety, funded by EU FP7 MSCA Initial Training Network instrument.
Develop CFD models to predict the decompression characterisic of dense phase carbon dioxide (CO2) pipelines for transport of captured CO2 for strorage in the context of Carbon Capture and Storage, funded by National Grid
Numerical investigation of the hydrodynamic effects on the potential of pipeline erosion and corrosion.
Numerical study, using in-houe modified OpenFOAM, foer the boundary layer flow leading to the group streak breakdown to gain insight of cavitation inception.
Develop and validate predictive methods in the frame of OpenFOAM to predict the atmospheric dispersion of accidental releases of sour gas, which contains measurable amounts of hydrogen sulphide.
The project aimed to improve hydrogen safety through pre‐normative research on vented deflagrations. Consortium partners were GexCon (co-ordinator), University of Warwick, University of Pisa, Impetus AFEA, Fike Europe and Hefei University of Technology.
Numerical study using implicit large eddy simulation about the quenching mechanism and scalability of parallel rod flame arrester, funded by BP.
Numerical study to investigate the transient profiles of overpressure and its impact following pancake cloud detonation in support of the explosion mechanism investigation following the Buncefield Incident, funded by GL Nobal Denton on contract from the Health and Safety Executive.
Develop and validate CFD models for predicting glazing behaviour in fires, funded by NSG Pilkington.
Numerical simulations of the fire supression characteristics, EU FP6 MSCA Fellow, £147K.
Numerical evaluation of the mitigation potential of Micromist to inhibit the propagation of a premixed turbulent flame, fudned by BP
Numerical simualtion to assist the evaluation of potential effects of some mitigation measures on fire and smoke propagation, funded by BP.
Numerical study to investige the propensity to re-ignition in vitiated fire environment following vent opening (Phase II), funded by the Department of Communities and Local Government.
Numerical study about the propensity to re-ignition in vitiated fire environment following vent opening (Phase I), funded by the Deputy Primer Minister's office.
Developing LES based fire modelling capability, KTP with Jeremy Gardener Associates.
Numerical investigation on the formation of pyrolytic carbon in an oxy-gas burner nozzle, funded by Five Groups Ltd.
Under-ventilated compartment fires, funded by EU FP5 Marie Curie Innovative Doctroal Training Networt. Leading 8 partners and 1 sub-contractor as s Co-ordinator and Scientist in Charge.
Collaborative experimental and numerical study about the fire behaviour and smoke propagation in a tunnel-style depot.
Indicators of esteem
2021- present Vice-Chairman (Europe & Africa), International Association of Fire Safety Science (IAFSS), Chair of IAFSS Research Sub-committee
2019 - present Steering Committee Member, British Section of the Combustion Institute
2019 - 2020 Guest Editor, Special Issue on Lithium-ion Battery Fire Safety, Fire Technology
2018 - present Member and Sub-Task Leader, European Hydrogen Safety Panel, established by Clean Hydrogen Joint Undertaking, European Commission
2019 - present Guest Editor, Special issue on the International Symposium on Hydrogen Fire, Explosion and Safety Standards (ISHFESS 2018), 6–8 July 2018, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
2015 - present Member of the Science Board, UK Engineering and Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC) SUPERGEN Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Research Hub
2015 - 2019 Deputy Leader, Safety Task Group for the International Energy Agency
2007 - present Steering Committee Member, UK Explosion Liaison Group(UKELG)
2016 - 2017 Guest editor, special issues on hydrogen safety for the International J of Hydrogen Energy
2010 - present Editorial board, J of Fire Safety Science
2006 – 2009 Member, Expert Advisory Council for the EU Network of Excellence on Hydrogen Safety (HySAFE)
Organisation/Scientific Committees of Conferences
2023 Member of the Scientific Committee, International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Quebec, Canada, September 19-21, 2023
2023 Colloquium Co-Chair & Awards Committee Co-Chair, 14th International Symposium on Fire Safety Science, Tsukuba, Japan, October 22-27, 2023
2022 Colloquium Co-Chair, International Symposium on Combustion, Vancouver, Canada, July 24-29, 2022
2021 Awards Co-Chair and Topic Area Co-Leader of Fire Dynamics for the 13th International Symp. on Fire Safety Science, University of Waterloo, Canada
2021 Scientific Committee, 9th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Edinburgh, UK.
2021 Vice Chair, Organising Committee, 2nd International Symp. on Lithium Battery Fire Safety, Hefei, China
2021 Scientific Committee and Co-Chair of the organising committee for the 2nd International Symp. on Hydrogen Fire, Explosion and Safety Standard (ISHFESS2021), Hefei, China
2019 Program Committee, 27th International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems (ICDERS), Beijing, China
2019 Vice Chair, Organising Committee, 1st International Symp. on Lithium Battery Fire Safety, Hefei, China
2019 Scientific Committee, 8th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Adelaide, Australia
2019 Organising committee member, 4th International Conference on “Battery and Fuel Cell Technology", September 05-06, 2019 Berlin, Germany
2018 Scientific Committee, 3rd European Symp. on Fire Safety Science, Nancy, France
2018 Scientific Committee and Co-Chair of the organising committee for the 1st International Symp. on Hydrogen Fire, Explosion and Safety Standard (ISHFESS2018), Hefei, China
2018 Organising committee member, 3rd International Conference on “Battery and Fuel Cell Technology", London, UK
2018 International Advisory Committee and Scientific Committee, 2018 International Symp. on Safety Science and Technology (2018 ISSST), Shanghai, China
2017 Vice Chair, Programme Committee, 8th International Conference on Fire Science and Fire Protection Engineering, Nanjing, China
2017 Session Chair, 26th International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems (ICDERS), Boston, USA
2017 Session Chair, 12th International Symp. on Fire Safety Science, Lund, Sweden, June 2017
2017 Scientific Committee, 7th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Hamburg, Germany
2016 Organising committee member, 3rd International Conference on “Battery and Fuel Cell Technology", Dubai, UAE
2016 Chair of the Organising Committee, UKELG Workshop on “Advances in explosion modelling”, Coventry, UK
2015 Scientific Committee, 6th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Yokohama, Japan
2013 Scientific Committee, 5th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Brussels, Belgium
2012 Scientific Committee, 4th International Congress on Combustion and Fire Dynamics, San Sebastian, Spain
2011 Program and Scientific Committee, 23rd International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems (ICDERS), University of California Irvine, USA
2011 Scientific Committee, 4th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, San Francisco, USA
2010 Member of Scientific Committee, 3rd International Congress on Combustion and Fire Dynamics, San Sebastian, Spain
2010 Scientific Committee, 2nd International Congress on Combustion and Fire Dynamics, San Sebastian, Spain
2008 Scientific Committee, 1st International Congress on Combustion and Fire Dynamics, San Sebastian, Spain2008 Scientific Committee, 1st International Congress on Combustion and Fire Dynamics, San Sebastian, Spain
2009 Scientific Committee, 3rd International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Ajaccio, Corsica, France
2007 Scientific Committee, International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, San Sebastian, Spain 2007
2006 Scientific Committee, International Seminar on Fire and Gas Explosion (UK), Workshop on Enclosure Fires, Belfast
Keynote Speeches/Plenary Lectures
2023 14th International Symposium on Fire Safety Science, Tsukuba, Japan, October 22-27, 2023
2023 3rd International Symp. on Lithium Battery Fire Safety, Qingdao, China
2021 2nd International Symp. on Hydrogen Fire, Explosion and Safety Standard, Hefei, China
2019 1st International Symp. on Lithium Battery Fire Safety, Hefei, China
2018 11th Asia-Oceania Symposium on Fire Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
2017 8th International Conference on Fire Science and Fire Protection Engineering, Nanjing, China
2016 International Conference on Battery Technology, Dubai, DAE
2016 Int Symp. on Safety and Technology, Kunmin, China
2016 7th International Conference on Fire Science and Fire Protection Engineering (Fire Safety for Super High-rise Building), Guangzhou, China
2016 International Symp. on Fire Engineering Technology, Tianjin, China
2016 Hydrogen & Fuel Cell SUPERGEN Researcher Conference, University of Birmingham, UK
2016 3rd International Symp., The 21st Century Centre of Excellence Program, Tokyo University of Science, 2008
2013 6th International Conference on Performance Based Codes, Wuhan, China
CFD modelling capability
Developed and validated a series of solvers within the frame of open-source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code OpenFOAM® for a variety of safety related reactive and non-reactive flows. These modified solvers are primarily used for internal research. Those interested in related capabilities should contact j.wen@surrey.ac.uk to discuss needs and possibilities to acquire a tailored version through research contracts.
- HyFOAM for both gas and cryogenic liquid hydrogen release, fire and explosions. It includes a collection of modified in-house solvers for:
Safety of gaseous hydrogen (GH2)
- Small leaks
- Spontaneous ignition in pressurised hydrogen release
- Jet fires
- Hydrogen explosions (including vented explosions)
- Flame acceleration and deflagration to detonation transition
Safety of cryogenic liquid hydrogen (LH2)
- LH2 vapour cloud from sudden catastrophic release
- LH2 vapour cloud from jet release
- LH2 jet fires
- Vapour cloud explosions (VCE)
- DDT-FOAM for predicting flame acceleration and transition from deflagration to detonationCylinderFOAM for predicting the response of high-pressure cylinders under fire attack
- LNG-FOAM for predicting pool spread, evaporation and dispersion following LNG spill on land/water, rollover in LNG tanks, flashing cryogenic jets, vapour cloud formation from LNG/other liquid fuel cascade and LNG pool fires
- LibFOAM, an electro-thermal model to capture the evolution of lithium ion batteries from normal operation, abuse condition to thermal runaway
- In-house version of FireFOAM with specially developed sub-models for combustion, soot and radiative heat transfer in fire simulations as well as dynamic predictions of mass burning rate of liquid pool fires
- CFD-DECOM for predicting the decompression characteristics of rich gas and dense phase carbon dioxide (CO2) following pipeline rupture in the context of carbon capture and storage (CCS)
- CO2FOAM for predicting the atmospheric dispersion of the released CO2 for CCS applications
- CFD-GLAZ for predicting the response of glazing systems in elevated temperature.
Publications
Highlights
- Gongquan Wang, Depeng Kong, Ping Ping, Jennifer Wen, Xiaoqin He, Hengle Zhao, Xu He, Rongqi Peng, Yue Zhang, Xinyi Dai, Revealing particle venting of lithium-ion batteries during thermal runaway: A multi-scale model toward multiphase process, eTransportation,
Vol. 16, 100237, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.etran.2023.100237 - Wen, Jennifer X., Marono, Marta, Moretto, Pietro, Reinecke, Ernst-Arndt, Sathiah, Pratap, Studer, Etienne, Vyazmina, Elena and Melideo, Daniele (2022) Statistics, lessons learned and recommendations from analysis of HIAD 2.0 database. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 47 (38). pp. 17082-17096. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.03.170
- Ren, Z.X., Giannissi, S., Venetsanos, A.G., Friedrich, A., Kuznetsov, M., Jordan, T., Wen, J.X. (2022), The evolution and structure of ignited high-pressure cryogenic hydrogen jets, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.06.230.
- Xiaobo Shen, Wenju Fu, Wenkai Liang, Jennifer X. Wen, Haifeng Liu, Chung K. Law, Strong flame acceleration and detonation limit of hydrogen-oxygen mixture at cryogenic temperatures, Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. Vol.39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2022.07.005.
- Xu, Baopeng and Wen, Jennifer X. (2022) Computational analysis of the mechanisms and characteristics for pulsating and uniform flame spread over liquid fuel at subflash temperatures. Combustion and Flame, 238. 111933. doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2021.111933
- Vendra, Chandra Madhav Rao, Shelke, Ashish V., Buston, Jonathan E.H., Gill, Jason, Howard, Daniel, Read, Elliott, Abaza, Ahmed, Cooper, Brian and Wen, Jennifer X. (2022) Numerical and experimental characterisation of high energy density 21700 lithium-ion battery fires. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 160. pp. 153-165. doi:10.1016/j.psep.2022.02.014
- Shelke, Ashish V., Buston, Jonathan E. H., Gill, Jason, Howard, Daniel, Williams, Rhiannon C. E., Read, Elliott, Abaza, Ahmed, Cooper, Brian, Richards, Philp and Wen, Jennifer X. (2022) Combined numerical and experimental studies of 21700 lithium-ion battery thermal runaway induced by different thermal abuse. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 194. 123099. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2022.123099
- Shelke, Ashish V., Buston, Jonathan E.H., Gill, Jason, Howard, Daniel, Abbott, Katie C., Goddard, Steven L., Read, Elliott, Howard, Gemma E., Abaza, Ahmed, Cooper, Brian and Wen, Jennifer X. (2022) Characterizing and predicting 21700 NMC lithium-ion battery thermal runaway induced by nail penetration. Applied Thermal Engineering, 209. 118278. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.118278
- Kong, Depeng, Wang, Gongquan, Ping, Ping and Wen, Jennifer X. (2022) A coupled conjugate heat transfer and CFD model for the thermal runaway evolution and jet fire of 18650 lithium-ion battery under thermal abuse. eTransportation, 12. 100157. doi:10.1016/j.etran.2022.100157
- Chen, Haodong, Buston, Jonathan E. H., Gill, Jason, Howard, Daniel, Williams, Rhiannon C. E., Read, Elliott, Abaza, Ahmed, Cooper, Brian and Wen, Jennifer X. (2021) A simplified mathematical model for heating-induced thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 168 (1). 010502. doi:10.1149/1945-7111/abd64c
- Kong, Depeng, Wang, Gongquan, Ping, Ping and Wen, Jennifer X. (2021) Numerical investigation of thermal runaway behavior of lithium-ion batteries with different battery materials and heating conditions. Applied Thermal Engineering, 189. 116661. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.116661
- Han, Wenhu, Liang, Wenkai, Wang, Cheng, Wen, Jennifer X. and Law, Chung K. (2021) Spontaneous initiation and development of hydrogen-oxygen detonation with ozone sensitization. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 38 (3). pp. 3575-3583. doi:10.1016/j.proci.2020.06.239
- Shelke, Ashish V. and Wen, Jennifer X. (2021) The burning characteristics and flame evolution of hydrocarbon and hydrogen flash fires. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 38 (3). pp. 4699-4708. doi:10.1016/j.proci.2020.05.013
- Xu, Baopeng and Wen, Jennifer X. (2021) The effect of convective motion within liquid fuel on the mass burning rates of pool fires – a numerical study. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 38 (3). pp. 4979-4986. doi:10.1016/j.proci.2020.07.099
- Chen, Haodong, Buston, Jonathan E. H., Gill, Jason, Howard, Daniel, Williams, Rhiannon C. E., Rao Vendra, Chandra M., Shelke, Ashish and Wen, Jennifer X. (2020) An experimental study on thermal runaway characteristics of lithium-ion batteries with high specific energy and prediction of heat release rate. Journal of Power Sources, 472. 228585. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228585
- Fukumoto, Kazui, Wen, Jennifer X., Li, Manhou, Ding, Yanming and Wang, Changjian (2020) Numerical simulation of small pool fires incorporating liquid fuel motion. Combustion and Flame, 213 . pp. 441-454. doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.11.047
- Kong, Depeng, Peng, Rongqi, Ping, Ping, Du, Jin, Chen, Guoming and Wen, Jennifer X. (2020) A novel battery thermal management system coupling with PCM and optimized controllable liquid cooling for different ambient temperatures. Energy Conversion and Management, 204 . 112280. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112280
- Khodadadi Azadboni, Reza, Heidari, Ali and Wen, Jennifer X. (2020) Numerical analysis of flame acceleration and onset of detonation in homogenous and inhomogeneous mixture. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. 104063. doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2020.104063
- Ren, Zhaoxin and Wen, Jennifer X. (2020) Numerical characterization of under-expanded cryogenic hydrogen gas jets. AIP Advances, 10 (9). 095303. doi:10.1063/5.0020826
- Hubert, Antoine, Dembele, Siaka, Denissenko, Petr and Wen, Jennifer X. (2019) Predicting liquefied natural gas (LNG) rollovers using computational fluid dynamics. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 62 . 103922. doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2019.103922
- Sinha, Anubhav and Wen, J. (2019) A simple model for calculating peak pressure in vented explosions of hydrogen and hydrocarbons. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44 (40). pp. 22719-22732. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.02.213
- Xu, B. P., Cheng, C. L. and Wen, J. X. (2019) Numerical modelling of transient heat transfer of hydrogen composite cylinders subjected to fire impingement. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44 (21). pp. 11247-11258. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.02.229
- Ping, Ping, Peng, Rongqi, Kong, Depeng, Chen, Guoming and Wen, Jennifer X. (2018) Investigation on thermal management performance of PCM-fin structure for Li-ion battery module in high-temperature environment. Energy Conversion and Management, 176 . pp. 131-146. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2018.09.025
- Ping, Ping, Kong, Depeng, Zhang, Jiaqing, Wen, Ruoxi and Wen, Jennifer X. (2018) Characterization of behaviour and hazards of fire and deflagration for high-energy Li-ion cells by over-heating. Journal of Power Sources, 398. pp. 55-66. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.07.044
- Vendra, C. Madhav Rao, Sathiah, Pratap and Wen, Jennifer X. (2018) Effects of congestion and confining walls on turbulent deflagrations in a hydrogen storage facility-part 2 : numerical study. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 43 (32). pp. 15593-15621. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.06.100
- Fukumoto, Kazui, Wang, Changjian and Wen, Jennifer X. (2018) Large eddy simulation of upward flame spread on PMMA walls with a fully coupled fluid–solid approach. Combustion and Flame, 190 . pp. 365-387. doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.11.012
- Ping, Ping, Wang, Qingsong, Chung, Yongmann M. and Wen, Jennifer X. (2017) Modelling electro-thermal response of lithium-ion batteries from normal to abuse conditions. Applied Energy, 205 . pp. 1327-1344. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.08.073
- Hubert, A., Dembele, S., Denissenko, P., Wen, J. (2017) Numerical predictions of the rollover phenomenon using computational fluid dynamics, Institution of Chemical Engineers Symposium Series 2017-May(162).
- Xu, B. P. and Wen, Jennifer X. (2014) The effect of tube internal geometry on the propensity to spontaneous ignition in pressurized hydrogen release. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39 (35). pp. 20503-20508. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.04.141
- Xu, B. P., Jie, H. and Wen, Jennifer X. (2014) A pipeline depressurization model for fast decompression and slow blowdown. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 123-124 . pp. 60-69. doi:10.1016/j.ijpvp.2014.07.003
- Wen, J.X., Xu, B.P., Tam, V.H.Y. (2009) Numerical study on spontaneous ignition of pressurized hydrogen release through a length of tube. Combustion and Flame, Volume 156 (Number 11). pp. 2173-2189. doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2009.06.012
Safety issues raised by thermal runaway (TR) are the main obstacle hindering the booming of lithium-ion batteries. A comprehensive model can potentially help improve understanding of the TR mechanisms and assist the battery pack design. However, previous models generally neglected the particle ejection, which is integral to predicting TR. In this study, a multi-scale model for the multiphase process of battery venting has been proposed, covering the entire chain of chemical reactions and physical transformation during TR. A lumped model in battery scale unveiled the interplay of thermal abuse progression and pressure accumulation. The computational fluid dynamics coupled with the discrete phase model was adopted to simulate both generated gases and ejected particles. The newly developed model was checked quantitatively by experimental measurements for battery temperature, jet velocity and mass evolution under thermal abuse. Simulation results highlight two violent ejections of particles and gases with inverted conical contours, consistent with visualization by laser technique in the experiment. The electrolyte vapours are found to dominate the gas release before TR, while the generated reaction gases become the major release after the burst of chain reactions. The developed model fulfils the TR prediction including particle ejection, which can provide new references for the thermal safety design of battery packs.
Additional publications
- Han, Jiaqiang, Wang, Fei, Wen, Jennifer, Liu, Fang, Ma, Weibing, Wang, Zhiwei and Ma, Zhaohui (2023) Investigation on the characteristics of fire burning and smoke spreading in longitudinal-ventilated tunnels with blockages. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 131 . 104790. doi:10.1016/j.tust.2022.104790
- Huang, Xianjia, Wang, Jinkai, Zhu, He, Xing, Chaoliang, Wen, Jennifer and Tang, Fei (2022) Flame-splitting mechanism of buoyancy-controlled diffusion plumes generated by a rectangular fire source attached to a sidewall. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 179. 107670. doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2022.107670
- Fukumoto, Kazui, Wang, Changjian and Wen, Jennifer X. (2022) Study on the role of soot and heat fluxes in upward flame spread using a wall-resolved large eddy simulation approach. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 147. pp. 4645-4665. doi:10.1007/s10973-021-10791-6
- Han, Jiaqiang, Geng, Pengqiang, Wang, Zihao, Lu, Yuhan, Wang, Fei, Wen, Jennifer X. and Liu, Fang (2022) Effect of ceiling extraction on the smoke spreading characteristics and temperature profiles in a tunnel with one closed end. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 119. 104236. doi:10.1016/j.tust.2021.104236
- SreeRaj R. Nair, Noma O. Ogbeifun, Jennifer Wen, Consequence assessment considerations for toxic natural gas dispersion modeling, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, Volume 78, 2022, 104792, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2022.
- Huang, Xianjia , Huang, Tao , Zhuo, Xunjia , Tang , Fei , He, Le and Wen, Jennifer X. (2021) A global model for flame pulsation frequency of buoyancy-controlled rectangular gas fuel fire with different boundaries. Fuel, 289 . 119857. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119857
- Tang, Fei, Hu, Peng, He, Qing, Zhang, Jianping and Wen, Jennifer X. (2021) Effect of sidewall on the flame extension characteristics beneath a ceiling induced by carriage fire in a channel. Combustion and Flame, 223. pp. 202-215. doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.09.020
- Huang, Xianjia, Wang, Yuhong, Zhu, He, He, Le, Tang, Fei and Wen, Jennifer X. (2021) Experimental study on the radiant heat flux of wall-attached fire plume generated by rectangular sources. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 159. 106605. doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2020.106605
- Han, Jiaqiang, Wang, Zihao, Geng, Pengqiang, Wang, Fei, Wen, Jennifer X. and Liu, Fang (2021) The effect of blockage and tunnel slope on smoke spread and ceiling temperature distribution in a natural-ventilated metro depot. Energy and Buildings, 253. 111540. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111540
- Ukairo, Okorie, Dembele, Siaka, Heidari, Ali, Pretrel, Hugues and Wen, Jennifer X. (2021) Investigation of fires in a mechanically ventilated compartment using the CFD code FireFOAM. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 384. 111515. doi:10.1016/j.nucengdes.2021.111515
- Huang, Xianjia , Huang, Tao , Zhuo, Xunjia , Tang , Fei , He, Le and Wen, Jennifer X. (2021) A global model for flame pulsation frequency of buoyancy-controlled rectangular gas fuel fire with different boundaries. Fuel, 289 . 119857. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119857
- Huang, Xianjia, Wang, Yuhong, Zhu, He, He, Le, Tang, Fei and Wen, Jennifer X. (2021) Experimental study on the radiant heat flux of wall-attached fire plume generated by rectangular sources. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 159. 106605. doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2020.106605
- Zhao, Zunxin, Tang, Fei, Chen, Lei, Zhang, Jianping and Wen, Jennifer X. (2021) Effect of parallel curtain walls on upward flame spread characteristics and mass loss rate over PMMA. Fire Technology. doi:10.1007/s10694-021-01179-x
- Tang, Fei, Hu, Peng, Zhang, Jianping and Wen, Jennifer X. (2021) Heat fluxes under the ceiling induced by wall fires with various burner aspect ratios in a channel. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 38 (3). pp. 4569-4577. doi:10.1016/j.proci.2020.05.029
- Wang, Q., Wen, J., Stoliarov, S. (2020) Special Issue on Lithium Battery Fire Safety, Fire Technology 56(6), pp. 2345-2347.
- Wang, Qingsong, Wen, Jennifer X. and Stoliarov, Stanislav (2020) Special issue on lithium battery fire safety. Fire Technology, 56 (6). pp. 2345-2347. doi:10.1007/s10694-020-01048-z
- Wu, Zuyu, Hu, Yihua, Wen, Jennifer Xiao Ling, Zhou, Fubao and Ye, Xianming (2020) A review for solar panel fire accident prevention in large-scale PV applications. IEEE Access, 8 . pp. 132466-132480. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3010212
- Dombrovsky, Leonid A., Levashov, Vladimir Yu, Kryukov, Alexei P., Dembele, Siaka and Wen, Jennifer X. (2020) A comparative analysis of shielding of thermal radiation of fires using mist curtains containing droplets of pure water or sea water. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 152 . 106299. doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2020.106299
- Zhang, Chao, Shen, Xiaobo, Wen, Jennifer X. and Xiu, Guangli (2020) The behavior of methane/hydrogen/air premixed flame in a closed channel with inhibition. Fuel, 265 . 116810. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116810
- Kong, Depeng, Peng, Rongqi, Ping, Ping, Du, Jin, Chen, Guoming and Wen, Jennifer X. (2020) A novel battery thermal management system coupling with PCM and optimized controllable liquid cooling for different ambient temperatures. Energy Conversion and Management, 204 . 112280. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112280
- Khodadadi Azadboni, Reza, Heidari, Ali and Wen, Jennifer X. (2020) Numerical analysis of flame acceleration and onset of detonation in homogenous and inhomogeneous mixture. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. 104063. doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2020.104063 (In Press)
- Grigoriev, Sergey A. and Wen, Jennifer X. (2019) Special issue editorial on the 2018 International Symposium on Hydrogen Energy and Energy Technologies (HEET 2018). International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44 (56). 29389. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.09.159
- Han, Wenhu, Ma, Wenjin, Qian, Chengeng, Wen, Jennifer X. and Wang, Cheng (2019) Bifurcation of pulsation instability in one-dimensional H2−O2 detonation with detailed reaction mechanism. Physical Review Fluids, 4 (10). 103202 . doi:10.1103/PhysRevFluids.4.103202
- Skjold, Trygve, Hisken, Helene, Bernard, Laurence, Mauri, Lorenzo, Atanga, Gordon, Lakshmipathy, Sunil, Lucas, Melodia, Carcassi, Marco, Schiavetti, Martino, Vendra, Chandra Madhav Rao et al. (2019) Blind-prediction : estimating the consequences of vented hydrogen deflagrations for inhomogeneous mixtures in 20-foot ISO containers. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 61 . pp. 220-236. doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2019.06.013
- Zhang, Chao, Wen, Jennifer X., Shen, Xiaobo and Xiu, Guangli (2019) Experimental study of hydrogen/air premixed flame propagation in a closed channel with inhibitions for safety consideration. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44 (40). pp. 22654-22660. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.04.032
- Sikic, Ivan, Dembele, Siaka and Wen, Jennifer X. (2019) Non-grey radiative heat transfer modelling in LES-CFD simulated methanol pool fires. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer . doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2019.06.004
- Sinha, Anubhav, Vendra, C. Madhav Rao and Wen, Jennifer X. (2019) Modular phenomenological model for vented explosions and its validation with experimental and computational results. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. 61, pp. 8-23. doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2019.05.017 (In Press)
- Zheng, J., Wang, C., Wen, J.X., Special on the International Symposium on Hydrogen Fire, Explosion and Safety Standards (ISHFESS 2018), 6–8 July 2018, Hefei, Anhui Province, China. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 44(40), pp. 22493.
- Xu, B. P., Cheng, C. L. and Wen, J. X. (2019) Numerical modelling of transient heat transfer of hydrogen composite cylinders subjected to fire impingement. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44 (21). pp. 11247-11258. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.02.229
- Vendra, C. Madhav Rao and Wen, Jennifer X. (2019) Numerical modelling of vented lean hydrogen deflagations in an ISO container. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44 (17). pp. 8767-8779. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.11.093
- Lyras, Konstantinos G., Dembele, Siaka and Wen, Jennifer X. (2019) Numerical simulation of flashing jets atomisation using a unified approach. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 113 . pp. 45-58. doi:10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2018.12.011
- Khodadadi Azadboni, Reza, Heidari, Ali, Boeck, Lorenz R. and Wen, Jennifer X. (2019) The effect of concentration gradients on deflagration-to-detonation transition in a rectangular channel with and without obstructions – a numerical study. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44 (13). doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.01.157 (In Press)
- Tang, Fei, He, Qing and Wen, Jennifer X. (2019) Effects of crosswind and burner aspect ratio on flame characteristics and flame base drag length of diffusion flames. Combustion and Flame, 200 . pp. 265-275. doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.11.011
- Zhang, Qian-xi, Liang, Dong and Wen, Jennifer X. (2019) Experimental study of flashing LNG jet fires following horizontal releases. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 57 . pp. 245-253. doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2018.12.007
- Vendra, C. Madhav Rao and Wen, Jennifer X. (2019) Numerical modelling of vented lean hydrogen deflagations in an ISO container. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 44(17), pp. 11247-11258. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.11.093
- Nair, S.R., Wen, J. (2019) Uncertainties in sour natural gas dispersion modelling, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 77, pp. 355-360.
- Khodadadi Azadboni, Reza, Heidari, Ali and Wen, Jennifer X. (2018) A Computational Fluid Dynamic Investigation of Inhomogeneous Hydrogen Flame Acceleration and Transition to Detonation. Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, 101 (4). pp. 1009-1021. doi:10.1007/s10494-018-9977-4
- Dombrovsky, Leonid A., Dembele, Siaka, Wen, Jennifer X. and Sikic, Ivan (2018) Two-step method for radiative transfer calculations in a developing pool fire at the initial stage of its suppression by a water spray. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 127 (Part B). pp. 717-726. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.07.095
- Khodadadi Azadboni, Reza, Heidari, Ali and Wen, Jennifer X. (2018) A computational fluid dynamic investigation of inhomogeneous hydrogen flame acceleration and transition to detonation. Flow, Turbulence and Combustion . doi:10.1007/s10494-018-9977-4
- Vendra, C. Madhav Rao, Sathiah, Pratap and Wen, Jennifer X. (2018) Effects of congestion and confining walls on turbulent deflagrations in a hydrogen storage facility-part 2 : numerical study. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 43 (32). pp. 15593-15621. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.06.100
- Dombrovsky, Leonid A., Dembele, Siaka and Wen, Jennifer X. (2018) An infrared scattering by evaporating droplets at the initial stage of a pool fire suppression by water sprays. Infrared Physics & Technology, 91 . pp. 55-62. doi:10.1016/j.infrared.2018.03.027 (In Press)
- Lyras, Konstantinos, Wen, J. X. , Dembele, Siaka and Schmidt, D. P. (2018) Numerical simulation of subcooled and superheated jets under thermodynamic non-equilibrium. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 102 . pp. 16-28. doi:10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2018.01.014
- Sinha, Anubhav, Vendra, C. Madhav Rao and Wen, Jennifer X. (2018) Performance evaluation of empirical models for vented lean hydrogen explosions. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44 (17). pp. 8711-8726. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.09.101 (In Press)
- Wang, C. J., Liu, H. R. and Wen, Jennifer X. (2018) An improved PaSR-based soot model for turbulent fires. Applied Thermal Engineering, 129, pp. 1435-1446. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.10.129
- Wang, Yu, Wang, Qingsong, Wen, Jennifer X., Sun, Jinhua and Liew, K. M. (2017) Investigation of thermal breakage and heat transfer in single, insulated and laminated glazing under fire conditions. Applied Thermal Engineering, 125 . pp. 662-672. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.07.019
- Khodadadi Azadboni, Reza, Wen, Jennifer X., Heidari, Ali and Wang, ChangJian (2017) Numerical modeling of deflagration to detonation transition in inhomogeneous hydrogen/air mixtures. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 49 . pp. 722-730. doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2017.04.024
- Sinha, Anubhav, Vendra, C. Madhav Rao and Wen, Jennifer X. (2017) Evaluation of engineering models for vented lean hydrogen deflagrations. In: 26th International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems (ICDERS), Boston, USA, 30 Jul – 4 Aug 2017
- Vendra, C. Madhav Rao and Wen, Jennifer X. (2017) Numerical modelling of vented lean hydrogen–air deflagrations using HyFOAM. In: 26th International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems (ICDERS), Boston, USA, 30 Jul – 4 Aug 2017
- Sinha, Anubhav, Vendra, C. Madhav Rao and Wen, Jennifer X. (2017) Performance evalulation of empirical models for vented lean hydrogen explosions. In: International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Hamburg, Germany, 11-13 Sep 2017
- Vendra, C. Madhav Rao and Wen, Jennifer X. (2017) Vented hydrogen deflagations in an ISO container. In: International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Hamburg, Germany, 11-13 Sep 2017
- Saldi, Z. S. and Wen, Jennifer X. (2017) Modeling thermal response of polymer composite hydrogen cylinders subjected to external fires. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42 (11). pp. 7513-7520. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.06.108
- Heidari, A. and Wen, Jennifer X. (2017) Numerical simulation of detonation failure and re-initiation in bifurcated tubes. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42 (11). pp. 7353-7359. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.08.174
- Carcassi, M., Wen, J., Dorofeev, S., Special issue on “The 6th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS 2015), 19–21 October 2015, Yokohama, Japan”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 42(11), pp. 7253.
- Wang, C.J. and Wen, Jennifer X. (2017) Numerical simulation of flame acceleration and deflagration-to-detonation transition in hydrogen-air mixtures with concentration gradients. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42 (11). pp. 7657-7663. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.06.107
- Ruddick, W. O., Teodorczyk, A. and Wen, J. X. (Jennifer X.) (2017) Self-ignition of hydrogen–nitrogen mixtures during high-pressure release into air. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42 (11). pp. 7340-7352. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.06.051
- Huang, Peifeng, Ping, Ping, Li, Ke, Chen, Haodong, Wang, Qingsong, Wen, J. X. (Jennifer X.) and Sun, Jinhua (2016) Experimental and modeling analysis of thermal runaway propagation over the large format energy storage battery module with Li4Ti5O12 anode. Applied Energy, 183 . pp. 659-673. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.08.160
- Hubert, A., Dembele, S., Denissenko, P., Wen, J. (2017) Numerical predictions of the rollover phenomenon using computational fluid dynamics, Institution of Chemical Engineers Symposium Series 2017-May(162).
- Jennifer X.Wen, Pierre Le Fur, Hongen Jie, Vendra C. Madhav Rao, Further development and validation of CO2FOAM for the atmospheric dispersion of accidental releases from carbon dioxide pipelines, Int. J of Greenhouse Gas Control, Vol. 52, Sep. 2016, Pages 293-304.
- Dombrovsky, Leonid A., Dembele, Siaka and Wen, Jennifer X. (2016) Shielding of fire radiation with the use of multi-layered water mist curtains : preliminary estimates. Computational Thermal Sciences : An International Journal, 8 (4). pp. 371-380. doi:10.1615/ComputThermalScien.2016017601
- Ahmed, A., Bengherbia, T., Zhvansky, R., Ferrara, G., Wen, J. X. and Stocks, Nigel G. (2016) Validation of geometry modelling approaches for offshore gas dispersion simulations. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 44 . pp. 594-600. doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2016.07.009
- Wen, J. X., Le Fur, Pierre, Jie, Hongen and Vendra, C. Madhav Rao (2016) Further development and validation of CO2FOAM for the atmospheric dispersion of accidental releases from carbon dioxide pipelines. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 52 . pp. 293-304. doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2016.07.006
- Macchi, Marco, Wen, Jennifer X., Volkov, Konstantin, Heidari, Ali and Chung, Yongmann M. (2016) Modeling liquid fuel cascades with OpenFOAM. Process Safety Progress, 35 (2). pp. 179-184. doi:10.1002/prs.11777
- Dombrovsky, Leonid A., Dembele, Siaka and Wen, Jennifer X. (2016) A simplified model for the shielding of fire thermal radiation by water mists. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 96 . pp. 199-209. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.01.028
- Wen, Jennifer X. (2016) Fire and explosion modelling at Warwick FIRE with the HPC resource of UKCTRF. In: UK Consortium for Turbulent Reacting Flows Kiki-off Meeting, Newcastle, 8 Jan 2016 (Unpublished)
- Nazarpour, Farhad, Wen, Jennifer, Dembele, Siaka and Udechukwu, Izunna D. (2016) LNG vapour cloud dispersion modelling and simulations with OpenFOAM. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 48. pp. 967-972. doi:10.3303/CET1648162
- Wang, Changjian, Guo, Jin, Ding, Yanming, Wen, Jennifer X. and Lu, Shouxiang (2015) Burning rate of merged pool fire on the hollow square tray. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 290 . pp. 78-86. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.02.069
- Wen, Jennifer X. (2015) Numerical simulation of flame spread and enclosure fires in forced ventilation condition. In: 7th International Conference on Fire Science and Fire Protection Engineering (Fire Safety for Super High-rise Building), Guanzhou, China, 5-6 Dec 2015.
- Macchi, M., Wen, J., Volkov, K., Heidari, A., Chung, Y. (2015) Modelling liquid fuel cascades with OpenFOAM, 9th Annual Loss Prevention Symposium 2015, LPS 2015 - Topical Conference at the 2015 AIChE Spring Meeting and 11th Global Congress on Process Safety pp. 610-622.
- Heidari, A. and Wen, Jennifer X. (2014) Numerical simulation of flame acceleration and deflagration to detonation transition in hydrogen-air mixture. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39 (36). pp. 21317-21327. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.10.066
- Wang, C. J., Wen, Jennifer X., Chen, Z. B. and Dembele, S. (2014) Predicting radiative characteristics of hydrogen and hydrogen/methane jet fires using FireFOAM. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39 (35). pp. 20560-20569. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.04.062
- Wen, J. (2014) Editorial for special issues on hydrogen safety, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39(11), pp. 6131.
- Petkova, Diana, Donchev, Ted and Wen, Jennifer X. (2014) Experimental study of the performance of CFRP strengthened small scale beams after heating to high temperatures. Construction and Building Materials, Volume 68 . pp. 55-61. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.06.014
- Wang, C. J., Wen, Jennifer X. and Chen, Z. B. (2014) Simulation of large-scale LNG pool fires using FireFOAM. Combustion Science and Technology, Volume 186 (Number 10-11). pp. 1632-1649. doi:10.1080/00102202.2014.935615
- Dembele, Siaka and Wen, Jennifer X. (2014) Analysis of the screening of hydrogen flares and flames thermal radiation with water sprays. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 39 (Number 11). pp. 6146-6159. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.08.088
- Heidari, A. and Wen, Jennifer X. (2014) Flame acceleration and transition from deflagration to detonation in hydrogen explosions. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39 (11). pp. 6184-6200. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.01.168
- Wen, Jennifer X. (2014) Editorial for special issues on hydrogen safety. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39 (11). p. 6131. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.03.019
- Chen, Zhibin, Wen, Jennifer X., Xu, Baopeng and Dembele, Siaka (2014) Large eddy simulation of a medium-scale methanol pool fire using the extended eddy dissipation concept. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 70 . pp. 389-408. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2013.11.010
- Aghajani, Hamed, Dembele, Siaka and Wen, Jennifer X. (2014) Analysis of a semi-empirical sprinkler spray model. Fire Safety Journal, Volume 64 . pp. 1-11. doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2014.01.004
- Chen, Zhibin, Wen, Jennifer X., Xu, Baopeng and Dembele, Siaka (2014) Extension of the eddy dissipation concept and smoke point soot model to the LES frame for fire simulations. Fire Safety Journal, Volume 64 . pp. 12-26. doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2014.01.001
- Wang, Qingsong, Chen, Haodong, Wang, Yu, Wen, Jennifer X., Dembele, Siaka, Sun, Jinhua and He, Linghui (2014) Development of a dynamic model for crack propagation in glazing system under thermal loading. Fire Safety Journal, Volume 63 . pp. 113-124. doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2013.11.003
- Udechukwu, I.D., Dembele, S., Heidari, A., Volkov , K.N. and Wen, Jennifer X. (2014) Investigation of liquefied natural gas (LNG) dispersion using computational fluid dynamics. In: 6th. European Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics (ECFD VI), Barcelona, Spain, 20-25 Jul 2014.
- Xu, B., Chen, Z., Wen, J., Wang, C., Large eddy simulation of fire dynamics using a mixture fraction based discrete reaction model, Ranshao Kexue Yu Jishu/Journal of Combustion Science and Technology, 20(4), pp. 283-289.
- Xu, B.-P., Wen, J., An droplet collision model based on the concept of particle cloud, Neiranji Xuebao/Transactions of CSICE (Chinese Society for Internal Combustion Engines) 32(3), pp. 216-222.
- Wen, Jennifer X. (2013) Editorial for special issues on hydrogen safety. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38 (19). p. 8023. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.05.110
- Wen, Jennifer X. (2013) Cross cutting safety issues related to the emerging energy technologies. In: Institute of Engineering Technology (IET) Annual Meeting, Teddington, May 2013
- Wen, Jennifer X. (2013) Development and application of FireFOAM – a predictive tool for fires based on OpenFOAM®. In: 6th International Conference on Performance Based Codes, Wuhan, China, Nov 2013
- Wen, Jennifer X., Heidari, A., Xu, B. and Jie, H. (2013) Dispersion of carbon dioxide from vertical vent and horizontal releases - a numerical study. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering, Volume 227 (Number 2). pp. 125-139. doi:10.1177/0954408913480078
- Xu, B. P., Wen, Jennifer X. and Volkov, K. N. (2013) Large-eddy simulation of vortical structures in a forced plane impinging jet. European Journal of Mechanics - B Fluids, Volume 42 . pp. 104-120. doi:10.1016/j.euromechflu.2013.05.004
- Vendra, C. Madhav Rao, Wen, Jennifer X. and Tam, V. H. Y. (2013) Numerical simulation of turbulent flame–wall quenching using a coherent flame model. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, Volume 26 (Number 2). pp. 363-368. doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2012.04.001
- Wen, Jennifer X. and Wang, C. J. (2013) A new single-step reaction mechanism for propane explosions covering the entire spectrum of flame acceleration, transition to detonation and detonation, explosion safety - assessment and challenges. In: 50th Anniversary Meeting, UKELG, Cardiff, UK, 9-11 Jul 2013
- Wen, Jennifer X. (2012) Fire and explosion modelling – bridging the gaps between academic research and industrial needs ; best practice in fire and explosion modelling. In: Fire and Blast Information Group (FABIG) Technical Meeting, Aberdeen ; London, 21 and 22 Mar 2012
- Xu, B. P. and Wen, Jennifer X. (2012) Numerical study of spontaneous ignition in pressurized hydrogen release through a length of tube with local contraction. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 37 (Number 22). pp. 17571-17579. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.04.150
- Wen, Jennifer X. (2012) Editorial for special issues on hydrogen safety. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37 (22). p. 17350.
- Wang, ChangJian, Wen, Jennifer X., Lu, ShouXiang and Guo, Jin (2012) Single-step chemistry model and transport coefficient model for hydrogen combustion. Science China Technological Sciences, Volume 55 (Number 8). pp. 2163-2168. doi:10.1007/s11431-012-4932-4
- Dembele, Siaka, Rosario, Ricardo A. F. and Wen, Jennifer X. (2012) Thermal breakage of window glass in room fires conditions – Analysis of some important parameters. Building and Environment, Volume 54 . pp. 61-70. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.01.009
- Dembele, S., Lima, K. L. M. and Wen, Jennifer X. (2011) Assessment of an unstructured exponential scheme discrete ordinates radiation model for non-gray media. Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 47 (Number 11). pp. 1349-1362. doi:10.1007/s00231-011-0805-9
- Pereira, J. M., Ghasemnejad, H., Wen, Jennifer X. and Tam, V. H. Y. (2011) Blast response of cracked steel box structures repaired with carbon fibre-reinforced polymer composite patch. Materials & Design, Volume 32 (Number 5). pp. 3092-3098. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2010.12.045
- Wen, Jennifer X. (2011) Ignition and combustion. In: 4th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, San Francisco, Sep 2011
- Aghajani, H., Dembele , S. and Wen, Jennifer X. (2011) Modelling sprinkler sprays. In: FM Global Open Source CFD Fire Modeling Workshop, Norwood, USA, May 2011
- Pereira, J., Tam, V., Ghasemnejad, H., Shariff, H., Wen, Jennifer X. and Donchev, T. (2011) Numerical and experimental investigations on the blast resistance of lightweight metal boxes. FABIG Newsletter (Number 57).
- Heidari, A., Ferraris, S., Wen, Jennifer X. and Tam, V. H. Y. (2011) Numerical simulation of large scale hydrogen detonation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 36 (Number 3). pp. 2538-2544. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.05.093
- Wen, Jennifer X., Heidari, A., Ferraris, S. and Tam, V. H. Y. (2011) Numerical simulation of propane detonation in medium and large scale geometries. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, Volume 24 (Number 2). pp. 187-193. doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2010.12.001
- Qing-song, Wang, Yi, Zhang, Jin-hua, Sun, Wen, Jennifer X. and Dembele, Siaka (2011) Temperature and thermal stress simulation of window glass exposed to fire. Procedia Engineering, Volume 11 . pp. 452-460. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2011.04.682
- Xu, B. P., Wen, Jennifer X. and Tam, V. H. Y. (2011) The effect of an obstacle plate on the spontaneous ignition in pressurized hydrogen release : a numerical study. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volulme 36 (Number 3). pp. 2637-2644. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.03.143
- Chen, Z. B., Wen, Jennifer X., Xu, B. P. and Dembele, S. (2011) Large eddy simulation of fire dynamics with the improved eddy dissipation concept. Fire Safety Science pp. 795-808.
- Heidari, A., Pereira, J.M., Wen, J.X., Donchev, T., Johnson, D.M., Towards understanding the Buncefield explosion through advanced numerical analysis and experimental investigations, Institution of Chemical Engineers Symposium Series (156), pp. 570-577
- Wen, Jennifer X., Vendra, C. Madhav Rao and Tam, V. H. Y. (2010) Numerical study of hydrogen explosions in a refuelling environment and in a model storage room. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 35 (Number 1). pp. 385-394. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.10.052
- Dembele, S., Rosario, R. A. F., Wang, Q. S., Warren, P. D. and Wen, Jennifer X. (2010) Thermal and stress analysis of glazing in fires and glass fracture modeling with a probabilistic approach. Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B : Fundamentals, Volume 58 (Number 6). pp. 419-439. doi:10.1080/10407790.2011.540953
- Delichatsios, M. A., Wen, Jennifer X., Dembele, S. and Zhang, J. (2009) Application of a statistical narrow band model to CFD modelling of upward flame spread over PMMA walls. Journal of Applied Fire Science, Volume 16 (Number 1). pp. 1-19. doi:10.2190/AF.16.1.a
- Chen, Zhibin, Satoh, Kohyu, Wen, Jennifer X., Huo, Ran and Hu, Longhua (2009) Burning behavior of two adjacent pool fires behind a building in a cross-wind. Fire Safety Journal, Volume 44 (Number 7). pp. 989-996. doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.06.006
- Wen, Jennifer X., Hume, Brian and Fay, John (2009) A CFD model for the backdraught phenomenon and its application to inform venting and firefighting strategies at basement fires. FABIG Newsletter (Number 53).
- Muppala, S. P. R., Nakahara, M., Aluri, N. K., Kido, H., Wen, Jennifer X. and Papalexandris, M.V. (2009) Experimental and analytical investigation of the turbulent burning velocity of two-component fuel mixtures of hydrogen, methane and propane. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 34 (Number 22). pp. 9258-9265. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.09.036
- Zhang, J., Dembele, S. and Wen, Jennifer X. (2009) Investigation of turbulence models for CFD simulations of gas and liquid pool fires. Journal of Fire Sciences, Volume 27 (Number 2). pp. 157-182. doi:10.1177/0734904108097441
- Ferraris, S. A., Madga, I. and Wen, Jennifer X. (2009) Large eddy simulation of the backdraft phenomenon and its mitigation in compartment fires with different opening geometries. Combustion Science and Technology, Volume 181 (Number 6). pp. 853-876. doi:10.1080/00102200902880395
- Xu, B. P., EL Hima, L., Wen, Jennifer X. and Tam, V. H. Y. (2009) Numerical study of spontaneous ignition of pressurized hydrogen release into air. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 34 (Number 14). pp. 5954-5960. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.01.045
- Madhav Rao, V.C., Heidari, A., Wen, J.X., Tam, V.H.Y. (2009) Numerical study of large scale hydrogen explosions and detonation, Institution of Chemical Engineers Symposium Series (155), pp. 630-637.
- Xu, B. P., Wen, Jennifer X., Dembele, S., Tam, V. H. Y. and Hawksworth, S. J. (2009) The effect of pressure boundary rupture rate on spontaneous ignition of pressurized hydrogen release. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, Volume 22 (Number 3). pp. 279-287. doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2008.07.007
- Chen, Z.B., Dembele, S., Wen, J.X., Tam, V.H.Y. (2009) Towards large eddy simulation of LNG pool fires, Institution of Chemical Engineers Symposium Series (155), pp. 326-335.
- Ferraris, S. A. and Wen, Jennifer X. (2008) LES of the Sandia Flame D using laminar flamelet decomposition for conditional source-term estimation. Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, Volume 81 (Number 4). pp. 609-639. doi:10.1007/s10494-008-9158-y
- Ferraris, S. A., Wen, Jennifer X. and Dembele, S. (2008) Large eddy simulation of the backdraft phenomenon. Fire Safety Journal, Volume 43 (Number 3). pp. 205-225. doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2007.06.009
- Wen, J., Dembele, S., Yang, M., Tam, V., Wang, J. (2008) Numerical investigation on the effectiveness of water spray deluge in providing cooling, smoke dilution and radiation attenuation in fires, Fire Safety Science pp. 639-65.
- Dembele, S., Rosario, R., Wen, J., Warren, P., Dale, S. (2008) Simulation of glazing behavior in fires using computational fluids dynamics and spectral radiation modelling, Fire Safety Science, pp. 1029-1039.
- Xu, B. P., El Hima, L., Wen, Jennifer X., Dembele, S., Tam, V. H. Y. and Donchev, T. (2008) Numerical study on the spontaneous ignition of pressurized hydrogen release through a tube into air. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, Volume 21 (Number 2). pp. 205-213. doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2007.06.015
- Tam, V.H.Y., Wang, M., Savvides, C.N., Ferraris, S., Wen, J.X., (2008) Simplified flammable gas volume methods for gas explosion modelling from pressurized gas releases: A comparison with large scale experimental data, Institution of Chemical Engineers Symposium Series (154), pp. 858-868.
- Wen, Jennifer X. and Tam, Vincent (2008) Spontaneous ignition of hydrogen in accidental releases of high pressure hydrogen - a possible mechanism : diffusion ignition. FABIG Newsletter (Number 51).
- Dembele, S., Rosario, R. A. F. and Wen, Jennifer X. (2007) Investigation of glazing behavior in a fire environment using a spectral discrete ordinates method for radiative heat transfer. Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B : Fundamentals, Volume 52 (Number 6). pp. 489-506. doi:10.1080/10407790701563672
- Ferraris, S. A. and Wen, Jennifer X. (2007) Large eddy simulation of a lifted turbulent jet flame. Combustion and Flame, Volume 150 (Number 4). pp. 320-339. doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2007.04.011
- Wen, Jennifer X., Kang, K., Donchev, T. and Karwatzki, J. M. (2007) Validation of FDS for the prediction of medium-scale pool fires. Fire Safety Journal, Volume 42 (Number 2). pp. 127-138. doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2006.08.007
- Zhang, J., Dembele, S., Wen, J.X., Delichatsios, M.A. (2006) Application of a statistical narrow band model to CFD modelling of upward flame spread over PMMA walls, Journal of Applied Fire Science 16(1), pp. 1-19.
- Dembele, S., Zhang, J. and Wen, Jennifer X. (2005) Assessments of spectral narrow band and weighted-sum-of-gray-gases models for computational fluid dynamics simulations of pool fires. Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B : Fundamentals, Volume 48 (Number 3). pp. 257-276. doi:10.1080/10407790590959780
- Zhang, J., Dembele, S., Karwatzki, J., Wen, J.X. (2005) Effect of radiation models on CFD simulations of upward flame spread, Fire Safety Science pp. 421-432
- Magda, S., Ferraris, S., Wen, Jennifer X., Dembele, S. and Karwatzki, J. (2005) Large eddy simulation of a backdraft with watermist. Journal of Applied Fire Science, Volume 13 (Number 3). pp. 213-229. doi:10.2190/J62M-N553-71U7-4287
- Dembele, Siaka and Wen, Jennifer X. (2005) Predicting glazing behaviour in a fire environment - effect of radiation heat transfer models. FABIG Newsletter (Number 45).
- Boustras, Georgios and Wen, Jennifer X. (2005) A study on the socio-economic and demographic significance of fire in the developed world and the developing countries. International Journal on Engineering Performance-Based Fire Codes, Volume 7 (Number 2). pp. 57-64.
- Kang, Y. and Wen, Jennifer X. (2004) Large eddy simulation of a small pool fire. Combustion Science and Technology, Volume 176 (Number 12). pp. 2193-2223. doi:10.1080/00102200490515074
- Magda, S.I., Ferraris, S.A., Wen, J.X., Dembele, S., Karwatzki, J.M. (2004) Large eddy simulation of a backdraft with watermist, Journal of Applied Fire Science 13(3), pp. 213-229.
- Boustras, Georgios, Wen, Jennifer X. and Fraser-Mitchell, Jeremy N. (2004) The investigation of fire growth in dwellings based on stochastic analysis. Journal of Applied Fire Science, Volume 12 (Number 4). pp. 311-334. doi:10.2190/FRPJ-D3JJ-XBJ4-PRWF
- Dembele, S. and Wen, Jennifer X. (2003) Evaluation of a fast correlated- k approach for radiation calculation in combustion systems. Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B : Fundamentals, Volume 44 (Number 4). pp. 365-385. doi:10.1080/713836405
- Wen, Jennifer X. (2003) Under-ventilated compartment fires - introduction of the EC funded Firenet Project. FABIG Newsletter (Number 37).
- Liu, F. and Wen, Jennifer X. (2002) The effect of turbulence modelling on the CFD simulation of buoyant diffusion flames. Fire Safety Journal, Volume 37 (Number 2). pp. 125-150. doi:10.1016/S0379-7112(01)00022-4
- Dembele, S., Wen, Jennifer X. and Sacadura, J. -F. (2001) Experimental study of water sprays for the attenuation of fire thermal radiation. Journal of Heat Transfer, Volume 123 (Number 3). pp. 534-543. doi:10.1115/1.1371921
- Dembele, Siaka and Wen, Jennifer X. (2001) On water sprays in fire protection engineering. FABIG Newsletter (Number 32).
- Wen, Jennifer X., Liu, F. and Lo, S. (2001) Performance comparison of a buoyancy-modified turbulence model with three LRN turbulence models for a square cavity. Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B : Fundamentals, Volume 39 (Number 3). pp. 257-276. doi:10.1080/10407790151074978
- Wen, Jennifer X., Huang, L. Y. and Roberts, J. (2001) The effect of microscopic and global radiative heat exchange on the field predictions of compartment fires. Fire Safety Journal, Volume 36 (Number 3). pp. 205-223. doi:10.1016/S0379-7112(00)00058-8
- Wen, Jennifer X. (2000) Fire protection and fire fighting in China’s oil and gas industries - some snapshots. Industrial Fire Journal.
- Dembele, S., Wen, Jennifer X. and Sacadura, J. F. (2000) Analysis of the two-flux model for predicting water spray transmittance in fire protection application. Journal of Heat Transfer, Volume 122 (Number 1). pp. 183-186. doi:10.1115/1.521454
- Wen, Jennifer X. and Huang, L. Y. (2000) CFD modelling of confined jet fires under ventilation-controlled conditions. Fire Safety Journal, Volume 34 (Number 1). pp. 1-24. doi:10.1016/S0379-7112(99)00052-1
- Huang, L.Y., Wen, J.X. (2000) Field modelling of large scale compartment jet fires by Constrained equilibrium method, Fire Safety Science pp. 361-372.
- Wen, Jennifer X. (2000) CFD modelling of the confined jet fire tests in the Phase 2 Project. FABIG Newsletter (Number 26).
- Dembele, Siaka and Wen, Jennifer X. (2000) Investigation of a spectral formulation for radiative heat transfer in one-dimensional fires and combustion systems. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 43 (Number 21). pp. 4019-4030. doi:10.1016/S0017-9310(00)00035-1
- Liu, F. and Wen, Jennifer X. (1999) Development and validation of an advanced turbulence model for buoyancy driven flows in enclosures. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 42 (Number 21). pp. 3967-3981. doi:
- Wen, Jennifer X. (1998) Fire fighting offshore - new approaches. Industrial Fire Journal .
- Wen, Jennifer X., Huang, L. Y., Amin, E. M. and Nolan, P. (1998) Modelling sooting jet fires in a large scale offshore compartment. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Volume 27 . pp. 2881-2886.
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