Ren Palmer


Postgraduate Research Student
BA (hons)

About

My research project

University roles and responsibilities

  • Graduate Teaching Assistant

    My qualifications

    2021-2024
    BA (hons) in Experimental Psychology
    University of Oxford

    Publications

    Nerea Irigoras Izagirre, Ren Palmer, André Schulz, Mariana Agostinho, Rita Canaipa, Geissy Lima-Araujo, Shunta Maeda, Emma M. Millon, David Plans, Roi Treister, Isobel A Williams, Jennifer Murphy (2026)Investigating the relationship between cardiac interoceptive accuracy and stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis, In: Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews180106454 Elsevier

    Interoceptive accuracy, the ability to correctly perceive internal body signals such as heartbeats, has been empirically and theoretically linked to stress. However, issues with the measurement of both interoceptive accuracy and stress have led to lack of clarity regarding this relationship. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to clarify whether interoceptive accuracy is associated with different facets of stress, including - physical, cognitive and self-reported stressors and the physiological stress response. A systematic search identified 2014 abstracts. Twenty-eight authors were contacted to request data for eligible studies, which yielded a final sample of 20 studies. Results revealed a positive association between heartbeat counting task (HCT) performance and acute physical stressors, and a negative association between HCT performance and physiological stress responses. No significant relationships were observed between stress and interoceptive accuracy assessed by the heartbeat discrimination task. While these findings offer tentative support for stress–interoceptive accuracy associations, they must be interpreted with caution given substantial heterogeneity in stress measures, limited use of interoception tasks beyond the HCT, and ongoing concerns regarding task validity. Implications for future research and methodological recommendations are discussed.

    Jennifer Murphy, Ren Palmer, Rosemary Donaghy (2025)Interoception University of California, San Francisco

    Interoception is broadly defined as the processing of internal bodily states at multiple conscious and preconscious levels (Brewer et al., 2021). Because of the breadth of this construct, many measures exist to probe individual differences in interoception (Desmedt et al., 2023; Khalsa et al., 2018). Measures of interoception can be separated into different domains (e.g., cardiac, respiratory, gastric) and dimensions (e.g., accuracy, attention). Some of the most assessed domains of interoception, and associated measures, are reviewed below. We focus on interoceptive accuracy, as well as self-reported, implicit and neural measures of interoception, however, it should be noted that there are many other dimensions (Khalsa et al., 2018). Specific considerations for the measurement of stress alongside interoception are provided.