Shashini Manoori Silva

Enormous progress has been made in formamidinium tin triiodide (FASnI3)-based inverted perovskite solar cells (IPSCs). However, the instability issue remains a significant obstacle in both the fabrication and evaluation of the entire device. According to the lessons learned from lead-based PSCs, stability is difficult to address compared to other performance metrics during the optimization process. Therefore, it is imperative to explore the sources of instability and the underlying pathways of device degradation, especially in PSCs incorporating sensitive Sn2+. This review begins by introducing the prevalent light absorber and device structure in lead-free Sn-based IPSCs. The rationale behind the widespread utilization of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) in Sn-based PSCs is thoroughly examined. Then, the principal degradation mechanisms and potential reactions are assessed under different stress conditions. Based on the International Summit on Organic Photovoltaic Stability protocols, recent strategies for improving device stability are systematically summarized, including the engineering of solvents, components, additives, and passivation on perovskite or PEDOT:PSS. The final section offers insights into addressing current challenges and provides perspectives about the future development of stable Sn-based IPSCs.

Tin (Sn)-based perovskites are promising for lower band gap and tandem solar cells due to their red-shifted band gap towards the infrared region. However, Sn based hybrid metal halide perovskite is well known to suffer rapid photoconductivity decay due to the oxidation of Sn 2+ to Sn 4+ under atmospheric oxygen. Here, the charge carrier dynamics of tin based metal halide perovskite is investigated using optical pump-terahertz probe (OPTP) spectroscopy. Also, the performance of the perovskite films at different annealing temperatures is compared and the best performing temperature is identified. The Sn based perovskite films exhibited a remarkable charge carrier mobility and diffusion length.

Photovoltaics based on organic–inorganic as well as all inorganic semiconducting perovskites have emerged as a high performing technology at a lower cost. Intense research carried out in this regard over the last decade has resulted in single junction power conversion efficiencies that now exceed 25%. Furthermore, combining wide-bandgap perovskites with other narrow-bandgap absorbers such as silicon has enabled efficiencies exceeding 24%. Such tandem architectures provide the possibility of increasing the power conversion efficiency with either a little increase in cost or even at a lower cost. In this review, we discuss the emerging tandem concepts that incorporate perovskites in at least one sub-cell and can also be printed on roll-to-roll manufacturing lines. Initially, we discuss the progress in the field of perovskite/silicon tandem architectures followed by a discussion on perovskite/copper indium gallium selenide tandem devices. Then, recent progress in all-perovskite tandem devices is discussed. This is then followed by developments combining perovskites and organic bulk heterojunction absorbers. Subsequently, we discuss roll-to-roll and sheet-to-sheet printing techniques that can be used for scaled-up manufacturing of the above tandem architectures, which is then followed by reported work on perovskites that have utilised these printing techniques. Finally, we discuss prospects and future directions focusing on material stability and elimination of toxic solvents that are typically used in lab-scale perovskite solar cell fabrication processes and on less well investigated applications such as energy harvesting in space.

The intermittency and discontinuous nature of power generation in Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENGs) are arguably their most significant drawback, despite the promise demonstrated in low-power electronics. Herein, we introduce a novel technology to overcome this issue, in which, built-in systematic phase shifting of multiple poles is used to design a pseudo direct-current TENG. Unlike previous attempts of constructing near direct-current TENGs that base on the segmentation of electrodes of a sliding mode TENG, this technology introduces a new method that depends on planned excitation of constituent TENG units at different time intervals to obtain the necessary phase shifts, achieved by their structural design that contains an asymmetric spatial arrangement. Therefore, the direct current generation for TENG, which was previously limited to the sliding mode TENG units, are expanded to contact-mode TENGs. The technology allows for continuous and smooth operation of the driven loads and paves the way for a new dawn in energy scavenging from mechanical sources. We use the distance-dependent electric field (DDEF) platform to design the systematic phase shifting technology, which is experimentally demonstrated via a free-standing mode TENG (FSTENG) based design, to power a number of prototype devices. The resultant power output of the TENG indicates a crest factor close to 1.1 at relatively low frequencies, the best reported values for TENGs with contact-mode basic units, to date. This work provides a highly awaited solution to overcome the intermittency and sporadic nature of TENG outputs, thus, promoting the field towards powering next generation autonomous and mobile electronics.