Dr Fang Wang

BackgroundGlobally, one billion people suffer from mental health disorders. Migrant populations face high prevalence rates of some disorders and significant barriers in accessing mental healthcare, including language-related barriers. However, knowledge about specific communication difficulties arising from language barriers and mitigation strategies is limited, as is knowledge about country-specific differences.ObjectiveThis study explores health and social care providers’ (HSCPs’) perceptions of mental health service accessibility for migrants, language-related communication difficulties, mitigation strategies and their perceived effectiveness, and the effectiveness of HSCP training in working with migrants.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional survey of HSCPs in nine European countries (n = 629).ResultsHSCPs perceive mental health services as largely inaccessible for migrants facing language barriers. Cross-regional comparative analysis identified differences in the frequency of HSCPs’ interactions with migrants seeking support for their mental health where language barriers are present and in how often HSCPs’ reported experiencing communication difficulties when doing so. HSCPs report a lack of training in communicating with migrants across language barriers, with recent training associated with more positive perceptions of its usefulness. Communication difficulties were encountered throughout the care journey. Informal strategies, such as assistance from family and friends, and machine translation, are commonly used but seen as ineffective. Onsite professional/trained interpreters are deemed most effective, yet their availability is limited.ConclusionsFindings highlight the urgent need for better communication strategies and awareness of the benefits and drawbacks of different strategies to enhance mental health service accessibility for migrants.

Comparable bilingual corpora are collections of texts in two different languages with similar purposes and characteristics, such as text type, content, and domain. Utilizing comparable corpora in translation training offers numerous benefits, including the identification of terminological and referential forms of equivalence, the construction of knowledge, and the production of Target Texts (TT). In recent years, there has been a growing demand for English-Chinese pharmaceutical translation due to China's emergence as one of the world's largest markets for prescription drugs. This project has developed a substantial comparable corpus (9,757,791 words) focused on antidepressants to enhance students' training in pharmaceutical translation. The corpus consists of two components: first, antidepressant advertisements for Fluoxetine, Duloxetine, Venlafaxine, Citalopram, and Sertraline that are recorded in official British and Chinese prescription drug databases; and second, articles from medical journals that feature the aforementioned five antidepressants, sourced from Medline and CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure). In training students, the corpora are utilized in several key ways. Firstly, they are employed for terminology extraction and comparison, particularly focusing on terminological collocability. Secondly, they aid in knowledge construction regarding the indications, side effects, and mechanisms of action of antidepressants, along with drug interactions and dosage administration in clinical contexts. Thirdly, they help students develop an understanding of stylistic nuances in pharmaceutical advertisements and academic medical journal articles. Examples will be provided to support the above points. By honing their skills in these areas, students are able to attain a comprehensive and accurate understanding of pharmaceutical texts on antidepressants in English and Chinese, enabling them to produce high-quality translations in this specialized field. Trainers play a crucial role in guiding students through the process of creating glossaries and producing TTs, gaining insights into their learning and cognitive processes, and providing advanced levels of supervision and support.

Aims: Popular and professional media play a significant role in shaping the social construction of prescription medication. How people understand medication is largely determined by how it is represented in the texts that they read. Different cultural and national contexts create significant variation in these constructions. This research looks at the social constructions of the five mostly frequently discussed antidepressants in Chinese and British newspapers and medical journals during a 15-year period, which were fluoxetine, citalopram, sertraline, venlafaxine and duloxetine. We aimed to discover themes of importance in different national contexts and how Chinese and British people's understanding and attitudes towards their use of antidepressants have been influenced by such constructions. Methodology: This research makes use of a corpus linguistics tool called Sketch Engine to discover patterns of discussions on antidepressants. Four corpora were built for this research project:

Popular and professional media play a significant role in shaping the social construction of prescription medication. However, different national contexts create significant variation in these constructions – even when comparing a similar medication. To explore this, our research investigates the social construction of a prescribed antidepressant-Venlafaxine in British and Chinese newspapers and scientific journals and examines how the understanding of medication is significantly determined by how it is represented. Our work will be based on: • British news corpus (669,340 words-articles in UK national newspapers covered by Nexis) and medical corpus (443,297 words-articles in UK medical journals covered by the Medline).

Group discussion report presented at the second colloquium of New Discourses in Contemporary China. University of Lancaster, Lancaster, 20-21 September 2007.

Exploring the meaning of language is essential to understanding the world. Teubert asserts that “corpus linguistics aims to analyze the meaning of words within texts, or rather, within their individual context” (140). Words, according to Biber, Conrad and Reppen (1998), are not lexicon or dictionary entries, but text segments whose elements exhibit an inherent semantic cohesion which can be made visible through quantitative analysis of discourse or corpora. This research aims to discuss the meaning of the text segment international community in two different discourse communities: British and Chinese, which represent two typical discourse communities in Western and Asian countries respectively. Looking at the different collocations and grammatical structures within which international community occurs provides a corpus-based analysis. The GuCorpus constitutes articles from The Guardian newspaper and the PdCorpus is made up of articles from the People’s Daily newspaper in China. These corpora have been compiled to serve the aforementioned research purposes. Through a comparative analysis, this article aims to explore the different ways in which the lexical item international community is used, and how the term‟s different meanings are constructed and understood. The analysis will “reveal and clarify how underlying ideologies are inscribed in and mediated through the linguistic system” (Caldas-Coulthard x).

China is expected to become one of the largest markets for prescription drugs in the world and pharmaceutical advertising is becoming increasingly important, particularly in the highly socially and culturally contested area of mental health. This article briefly explores the background of drug advertising policies in China and the UK and focuses on the distinctive challenges of antidepressant drug regulation. Then, using tools of Critical Discourse Analysis, it examines Chinese antidepressants adverts, and compares them with relevant British adverts. The findings indicate that, relative to the UK, Chinese antidepressant adverts are generally oversimplified, and the critical information concerning the concepts of caution, danger and adverse effects are underrepresented. However, there are many interdependent factors that contribute to the distinctive Chinese antidepressant drug regulatory regime. Hence, Chinese policy makers must maintain a delicate balance between learning from Western regulatory regimes, but also avoiding borrowing too heavily from them.

Marina Luiz Brandao (freelance interpreter) Cé line Bossaert (freelance interpreter) Resumen: Esta investigación explora los desafí os de la interpretación en la atención de salud mental, presentando dos estudios de caso, concentrá ndose 1) en los desafí os que se enfrentan los inté rpretes en general, y 2) cómo los inté rpretes son percibidos por los profesionales de la salud mental (PSM) y los inté rpretes. El caso 1 encuentra que 77% de los inté rpretes no fueron proveí dos con suficientes sesiones informativas. Ademá s, solo 35% de los inté rpretes recibieron formación de trabajar en la atención de salud mental, y 25% de los PSMs recibieron la formación de trabajar con los inté rpretes. El caso 2 encuentra que los mé dicos britá nicos y franceses son conscientes de la influencia del inté rprete cuando se trabaja en la atención de salud mental, pero sus opiniones difieren en la cuestión de si esta influencia deberí a ser fomentada. Palabras claves: los inté rpretes, el profesional de la salud mental (PSM), la formación, el papel del inté rprete Abstract: This research explores the challenges of interpreting in Mental Healthcare (MHC) settings by presenting two case studies focusing on firstly, the challenges interpreters face in general, and secondly, the role of interpreters perceived by Mental Health Professionals (MHPs) and interpreters. Case 1 revealed that 77% of interpreters were not provided with sufficient briefing information. Additionally, only 35% of interpreters received training to work in MHC settings and only 25% of MHPs received training on how to work with interpreters. This indicates the urgency of providing training for both sets of professionals. Case 2 showed that both British and French medical professionals are aware of interpreters' influence when working in MHC settings but their opinions differ on whether this influence should be encouraged or not.

Using corpora in translator education has increased greatly in importance over the past decades (Zanettin, 1998, Bowker, 2000, Zanettin et al., 2014). This research demonstrates how the use of small specialized corpora - often termed virtual corpora or ad hoc corpora (Sánchez-Gijón, 2009, Hernández, 2010) can improve translator trainees’ understanding of the source texts and production of high-quality target texts. This study provides an experiment comparing translations produced by a group of Chinese translator trainees. One translation was completed by using traditional resources; the other with the use of small bilingual specialised comparable corpora (English - Chinese) compiled with WebBootCaT toolkit and concordance provided by Sketch Engine. The results reveal that translations achieved by using corpus were of higher quality. Benefits brought by corpus-derived insights include: firstly, the source language corpus provides explanations of the terms that are not contained in conventional lexical resources. For example, the term flat spot cannot be found in conventional resources and was literally rendered as 平点 (ping dian, flat spot), a translation that does not exist in Chinese expert discourse. In contrast, by investigating concordances in the English corpus, trainees acquired the meaning of flat spot as the momentary hesitation of engine during acceleration. Based on this, feasible translations were produced. Secondly, the target language corpora can be used as a testbed for checking the conventionality of translation candidates. For example, tuning box can be translated as 调试盒 (tiaoshi he, tuning box), 外挂盒 (waigua he, plug-in box), or 外挂电脑 (waigua diannao, plug-in computer), etc. By checking the frequencies of such translations in the Chinese corpus, trainees can make better decisions. Thirdly, the comparable corpus provides more idiomatic expressions in both languages, enabling trainees to improve their level of linguistic and domain expertise.

The technical affordances of corpus linguistics tools have significantly changed the ways of approaching specialist translation/interpreting in recent years and the effectiveness of corpora in translator/interpreter training has been highlighted by numerous studies (Zanettin, 1998; Symseridou, 2018; Fantinuoli, 2018). This paper focuses on the usefulness of virtual corpora or ad hoc corpora (Sá nchez-Gijón, 2009; Herná ndez, 2010) in specialist translation/interpreting and provides a reflective report touching upon several aspects to be considered by trainers based on two case studies. Firstly, it gives an account of two practical, corpus-based training activities developed and offered to 20 Chinese students who were trained at a UK university to become professional translators/interpreters. These two case studies include: a. students' translations of a 1,181-word English engineering document introducing the features of engine Tuning Box systems; and b. students' interpretation of a short video-recorded forum discussion on the topic of treatment strategies of adult and childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. WebBootCaT toolkit and concordance provided by Sketch Engine were used for both studies. Two comparable corpora were built respectively for the translation of Tuning Box systems and the interpretation on the treatment strategies of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Results have shown that students' performance in both translation and interpreting have been largely improved: corpora have helped with translators' understanding of the source texts and production of high-quality target texts; Interpreters benefit from efficient terminological preparations. Secondly, based on the first-hand teaching experience of these two case studies, this paper proposes the following aspects to be reflected and considered by educators: Firstly, in the practice level, the emphasis of training should be on procedures, or methodology of using corpora, taking into account trainees' linguistic-translational competence, their meta-linguistic and meta-translational awareness, observation and reflection skills. For example, in the beginning phase, trainers might help students to identify lexical, grammatical and discourse patterns in both source and target corpora in specialised area, developing students' translational awareness. Some supporting exercises might also be designed to assist students' self-correction of their own translations based on the data from comparable corpora. Secondly, as many corpus tools are not developed specially for practising translators or interpreters in the first place, but for foreign language teachers or translation researchers, etc, trainers should encourage students to develop a critical view about what corpus linguistics tools can achieve, and what they cannot. For example, at what stage, corpora can be effective in verifying or rejecting translation decisions, and at what stage, students should make their own judgements in reaching the ideal translations? Thirdly, trainers should raise students' awareness that corpus is only one of many resources that can be mutually referenced: other types of translation resources, such as dictionaries, multilingual/bilingual terminology databases, even a network of professional translators who have extensive experience and a detailed knowledge of their clients' needs and working methodologies. etc. should be used to triangulate specialist translation/interpreting.

The paper analyses key topics found in the conferences organised at the International Maritime Organisation from 2018 to 2024 to prepare interpreter trainees subject knowledge in maritime community for their booth practice at the IMO on yearly basis. To achieve this goal, we compiled a corpus containing all the summaries of meetings organised by the IMO Assembly, IMO council, and 12 IMO (sub)committees, including Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC), Maritime Safety Committee (MSC), etc. The size of the corpus is around 10 million words. Sketch Engine was used to determine top frequent words and phrases representing key topics. Collocations and concordance analyses were performed surrounding such top frequent words and phrases including shipping, maritime, safety, member states, sustainable development, international shipping. In addition, critical discourse analysis was used to interpret linguistic facts through the lenses of an actual maritime setting. The results help students to understand the key topics discussed in maritime community, grasp overarching subject knowledge and learn typical usage of maritime English to assist their specialised interpreting. This study is an example of how translation and interpreting trainers can bridge the gap between corpus and classroom in English for specific purposes. This specialized corpus in marine English has been instrumental in assisting students to get rich contextual information of maritime conferences. Studying the distribution of the most frequent collocations of words that denote key concepts in maritime area can help students better understand the language in these specific contexts.

Braun (2019: 271) referred technology-supported interpreting as interpreting using technologies that can support or enhance the interpreter's preparation, performance and workflow. This research aims to describe the use of corpus technology, focusing on how an English-Chinese comparable corpus facilitates the preparation of the consecutive interpreting (EN>CH) of an international workshop on the treatment of paediatric and adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia. WebBootCaT toolkit and concordance provided by Sketch Engine were used in this study. The benefits brought by corpus-derived insights for trainee interpreters include: first, the comparable corpus provides paraphrastic content of important concepts in both languages for interpreters to build domain-specific knowledge. For instance, by searching definitions of subject-related terms Philadelphia chromosome (费城染色体), Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors （酪氨酸激酶抑制剂）, monoclonal antibody (单株抗体), etc. interpreters can establish connections between such concepts in building a systematic knowledge structure of the field. Second, when there are no agreed Chinese translations for some English terminologies, interpreters can use the Chinese corpus as a testbed for checking conventionality of translation candidates in the process of terminological preparation. Thirdly, interpreters can acquire lexio-grammatical patterns that are frequently used to improve their level of linguistic and domain expertise (Fantinuoli, 2018: 133). This study argues that although corpus can provide useful information, the emphasis in training must be on the procedures, or methodology (Aston, 2016: 231), which can be systematically applied to new learning contexts.

The aim of this article is to illustrate the goals, process and results of the first stage of a European project: MentalHealth4All. Partners from 9 different European countries have worked together to design a multilingual validated repository targeted at third-country nationals with limited language proficiency (LLP TCNs) and healthcare providers, which contains resources to improve this population’s knowledge and understanding of how to access interlinguistic support in mental healthcare services in the main languages of the countries involved in the project. The present article provides a detailed overview of the assessment process of resources and its main results.

Depression is one of the most widespread mental health issues around the world, and the consumption of antidepressant drugs have risen steadily in recent decades in Britain and China. What British and Chinese read about antidepressants in popular media and scientific discourse will contribute/constrain their ability to evaluate the risks and benefits of antidepressants. This research investigates the social constructions of escitalopram, a commonly prescribed antidepressant in British and Chinese newspapers and medical journals. Four corpora were built for this research project: British news corpus (265,644 words) includes articles in UK national newspapers covered by Nexis and medical corpus (545,969 words) comprises articles in UK medical journals covered by the Medline. Chinese news corpus (13,371 words) includes articles in key news websites and medical corpus (343,266 words) comprises articles in medical journals extracted from China National Knowledge Infrastructure). Frequency, collocation, keyword and paraphrase analyses were used to identify pattens of meanings. Initial findings suggest that in both British and Chinese news contexts, comparisons between the effects of escitalopram and psilocybin (psychedelic mushroom) on depression are overwhelmingly talked about and psilocybin is represented as superior to normal types of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs). Furthermore, both British and Chinese news construct the most important side-effect of escitalopram as sex dysfunction. Other side-effects that Chinese news represent frequently include deteriorating liver function and nausea while British news discuss more about withdrawal symptoms. In British medical journals, explanations to mechanism of actions of escitalopram prevail, which contributes to prove the effectiveness of this medication while Chinese medical journals predominantly construct escitalopram as a helpful antidepressant to cope with old people's depression. Acknowledgement: This research is funded by British Academy/Leverhulme Small Research Grants (reference: SG2122\210988).

•There is a strong need for language support in mental health services.•Migrants, refugees and healthcare professionals are not aware of language support options.•Systemic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal factors affect uptake of language support options.•Improving language support and cultural competency in mental health services is essential.•Seeking, providing and accessing mental health services is a complex system. Migrants and refugees may not access mental health services due to linguistic and cultural discordance between them and health and social care professionals (HSCPs). The aim of this review is to identify the communication needs and barriers experienced by third-country nationals (TCNs), their carers, and HSCPs, as well as the strategies they use and their preferences when accessing/providing mental health services and language barriers are present. We undertook a rapid systematic review of the literature (01/01/2011 – 09/03/2022) on seeking and/or providing mental health services in linguistically discordant settings. Quality appraisal was performed, data was extracted, and evidence was reviewed and synthesised qualitatively. 58/5,650 papers met the inclusion criteria. Both TCNs (and their carers) and HSCPs experience difficulties when seeking or providing mental health services and language barriers are present. TCNs and HSCPs prefer linguistically and culturally concordant provision of mental health services but professional interpreters are often required. However, their use is not always preferred, nor is it without problems. Language barriers impede TCNs’ access to mental health services. Improving language support options and cultural competency in mental health services is crucial to ensure that individuals from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds can access and/or provide high-quality mental health services.

1. Theoretical Background and Existing Research: Laursen and Pellón (2012: 45) pointed out that specialist translation training aims to teach trainees how to manage a host of encyclopaedic and linguistic data adequately for professional translation. This forms a challenge for student trainees. Bernardini and Ferraresi (2013) proposed that comparable corpora are particularly relevant in scientific and technical translations. The use of comparable corpora in assisting specialist translation training has been explored by Symseridou (2018), Kübler and Aston (2010), Zanettin (1998), etc. 2. Methodology In this research, 16 Chinese MA Translation students were required to translate a medical text focusing on treatment of H.pylori from English to Chinese. Students were trained to use WebBootCat toolkit (Baroni et al., 2006) to build comparable corpora and the collocation and concordance tools provided by Sketch Engine to assist their translation. The seed words used to build the comparable corpora (Kilgarriff et al., 2011: 2) are: English seed words (discussed and selected from ST) Chinese seed words (equivalents of English ones) H.pylori “perforated peptic ulcer” endoscopy clipping injection 幽门螺旋杆菌 (H.pylori), 消化性溃疡穿孔 (perforated peptic ulcer), 胃镜 (endoscopy) 钛夹 (clipping) 注射 (injection) Table 1: seed words for building comparable corpora on treatment of H.pyloi 3. Discussions 4.1 From terminological level Students found the translation of endoscopic clipping challenging, as it can mean either cutting off or using clippers, e.g. to stop bleeding. A search of endoscopic clipping in the English subcorpus reveals its meaning: Figure 1: Concordance lines of endoscopic clipping in English subcorpus The above lines confirm the meaning of clipping as using clips to stop bleeding, but the Chinese literal translation内镜钛夹 (endoscopic clipping) does not occur in the Chinese subcorpus Instead, when setting 内镜 (endoscopic) as a word occurring within left and right 5 positions of钛夹 (clipping), the following concordances are generated: Figure 2: Concordance lines of 内镜 (endoscopic) and钛夹 (clipping) in Chinese subcorpus The translation that is more frequently used in Chinese medical context is: 内镜下钛架 (literal translation: clippers used under endoscope). 3.2 From collocational level The translation of motility disorder forms a challenge from collocational level. 动力 is an acceptable translation of motility, but students use different words for disorder: 障碍 (barriers), 问题 (problem) 受阻 (being prevented), etc. A search of 动力 (motility) in Chinese subcorpus provides an ideal solution: 紊乱 (wenluan, indicating a state of being disordered, typically used in medical field). 3.3 From the level of stylistic conventions Students show their understanding of text conventions of the genre of medical texts that vary across English and Chinese by using corpora. Through comparative analyses of search words in respective contexts and post-translation activities, students’ revised translations are more adhered to the target communicative context and textual constraints. 4. Limitations This study does not take bilingual term recognition system into consideration, which is an important area to be investigated, as shown in the work of Vintar (2010), Ren, et. al (2010). Besides, the grammatical level of specialised text is not included.

It is widely acknowledged that although there is a growing trend of developing computer-assisted technological tools for interpreters as end users, corpora and corpus management tools (CMT) still seem to be quite unfamiliar to most interpreting professionals and trainees (Fantinuoli, 2017; Costa, et al. 2014). Braun (2019, p.4) referred interpreting using corpus-based tools as computer-assisted interpreting, and pointed out that although it is little-known at present, the application of corpus tools could gain momentum as text-mining is becoming more sophisticated through advances in machine learning. The current experimental study aims to show that the use of ad-hoc specialised corpora and terminological resources provided by CMT can be essentially beneficial in improving interpreter trainees’ domain expert knowledge, terminological acquisition, as well as the overall quality of interpreting output.