Dr Erica Russell

Whilst carbon foot-printing and baselining has been completed for several UK cities, the work by the Surrey Climate Commission, Surrey County Council and the University of Surrey offers an insight into issues that arise when trying to provide information appropriate for county-based, multi-level governance across an urban/rural area. Key to the engagement of  local actors is the provision of a baseline carbon footprint that is relevant to place, local issues and interest group alignment. This has been considered for both consumption based and territorial emissions. Attempting to use publicly available, and thus accessible data, this  work has identified barriers that would face similar Commissions, such as the failure of national data to align with place-based approaches, emission models that are only available at a national level, complexity of overlapping data sets, opacity of data within topic-specific models and hotspot data gaps e.g. care homes. The analysis operates at a district and county level and offers a springboard for both strategic planning and practical action. We suggest this approach is critical for multi-level and cross sector networks, such as the Surrey Climate Commission, where data must inform public sector, business and third sector participants and underpin high ambition for change. 

The crisis of climate disruption and shortcomings in top-down approaches has focused attention on the effectiveness of governance to achieve climate goals. New sub-national governance models such as business alliances, city networks and NGO coalitions have emerged; such institutional ‘re-making’ is often motivated by frustration at national inaction, and by a belief thatlocal actors offer an effective ‘bottom-up’ approach. Literature on the emergence of climate-led multi-level and polycentric governance focuses primarily on cities; the role of urban-rural counties and of the micro-level of local government, and the challenges and opportunities before them, is less well studied. This paper draws on work in progress in a study exploring progress, challenges and failings in UK climate governance across multiple levels of county-based government: Surrey, an area of towns, peri-urban districts and countryside, is offered as a case study, with a focus on micro-level action in small towns and parishes. We find that despite a lack of national government orchestration or sub-regional frameworks, climate action is occurring voluntarily at all levels of governance. However, the nature of action is variable and irregular and there is little evidence as yet to demonstrate effectiveness. A fragmented form of multi-level governance is observed, with limited upward flows of ideas and no indication of national interest in micro-local climate lessons and experience. We identify the importance of ‘wilful actors’ and the need for greater coordination, information- and knowledge-sharing networks to achieve effective institutional ‘remaking’ for climate action.

The transition to a net-zero economy and society in Surrey, as in the rest of the UK and the developed world, will require major changes to many aspects of the ways in which we work, travel and consume, and to our use of land. Decarbonising the economy is a massive challenge but also opens up opportunities on a major scale to improve wellbeing, enhance nature, generate new jobs and skills, and help enterprises thrive. To help understand the actions we need to take, and how effective they are, it is important that we have a baseline understanding of Surrey’s carbon emissions at present. This can then be used to assess trends and progress in cutting the county’s emissions. This complex work has been started by Surrey County Council, and this report for the Surrey Climate Commission, produced by a team from the University of Surrey, aims to complement and build on the estimates and data already gathered.

Driven by increased urbanisation, construction of buildings and infrastructure continues to grow worldwide, further exacerbating the social and environmental impacts created by this sector. Large scale projects, requiring thousands of component parts and globally sourced materials, flow across supply networks to construct built assets. Embodied within these supply networks are minerals, energy, water, labour, waste, modern slavery and other human rights abuses. This thesis focuses on the UK construction industry and the ability of the main contractor, a key procurer of materials and manager of the build process, to affect the sustainability of the final asset. This research is case study based on unprecedented access to staff and key suppliers of a major UK main contractor, Carillion plc. The work is an holistic approach to sustainability, incorporating both social and environmental lifecycle thinking, sustainable supply chain theory, and the fields of stakeholder and collaborative working. Applying grounded theory methodology, four major themes emerge from this inductive research; fragmentation, the role of focal nodes, inter- and intra-company collaboration and knowledge of sustainability. Set within the context of a lifecycle perspective they define the ability of the main contractor to directly implement or influence sustainable build. The research develops theory uniting economic equity, network actor perspective and life stage impacts. The findings demonstrate that operating within current unsustainable business models the main contractor can only play a bit role. Additionally, it provides the basis for recommendations on business model, policy and process change.

The Climate Emergency Design Guide covers 5 key areas: operational energy, embodied carbon, the future of heat, demand response and data disclosure. Our methodology includes setting the requirements of four key building archetypes (small scale residential, medium/large scale residential, commercial offices, and schools). The guide was developed by over 100 LETI volunteers over a period of 12 months.

The Embodied Carbon Primer offers supplementary guidance to the Climate Emergency
Design Guide, for those interested in exploring embodied carbon in more detail. There is a current lack of knowledge in the built environment industry surrounding embodied carbon reduction strategies and calculations. Therefore, the London Energy Transformation Initiative has produced this document to support project teams to design buildings that deliver ambitious embodied carbon reductions.

This document is intended to provide designers including architects, engineers, interior designers and urban designers with easy-to-follow best practice and toolkits for reducing embodied carbon in buildings. The document can also aid planners to be aware of strategies available to designers to reduce embodied carbon in building design, and how planning recommendations on materials, massing and treatment of sites may affect embodied carbon.

The guide is designed to support clients (e.g. building owners and developers) who need to write briefs for commissioning their first embodied carbon assessments on building and are at an early stage of embodied carbon knowledge. The goal of the guide is to provide straightforward information on how to develop a brief and ‘get the job done’, providing only essential guidance on the what and how of embodied carbon. Resources include example wording, an example brief, and what to do with the outputs of the assessment.

We all know the issues of multiple industry prequalification questions (PQQs); often irrelevant, time consuming, repetitive and with requests for similar, but slightly different, standards and accreditations. With such barriers, is sustainability being addressed in PQQs? If so, do they make any difference to the final built asset? Our research, reviewing multiple PQQs as they flow across the supply network, looks to answer these questions.

This guide has been created to support designers and contractors who are facing the difficult task of trying to reduce embodied carbon without a clear roadmap to follow.

Design and construction is a complex process, with many factors, processes and issues to consider and until recently embodied carbon has not been a significant factor of consideration. This guide aims to share the collective experience of low embodied carbon project delivery, to provide greater understanding of the barriers and opportunities that exist within the process and raise awareness of some of the techniques that can be employed to reduce the embodied carbon of new construction. In particular the need for greater engagement between all members of the supply chain.

A short commentary on the state of climate governance in an urban/rural county, Surrey. 

A PCAN Report

The climate governance of high-profile cities and urban areas has long been the focus of intense scrutiny and analysis. Whilst this has offered major insights, we would argue that such a narrow focus has been to the detriment of not only rural and rural/urban areas but in developing the understanding of more complex, multi-level local governance. This report attempts to redress this issue by providing an in-depth review of local governance at a UK county level. Surrey, chosen for this case study, offers an analysis of complex local multi-level governance embedded within wider regional and national structures. It also provides insight into a climate governance of a primarily affluent urban/ rural area, and one where local authorities have increasingly focused on climate action. Like many recent reports, this research has identified barriers to climate action created by a failure to agree the division of labour and responsibility between different levels of multi-level governance (MLG); the limited local capacity and knowledge which restrain local implementation and gaps in local emissions data. Whilst these may now be under review by the government-led Local Net Zero Forum, this research sets these findings within a more nuanced analysis of the perceptions of local governance, the strategic challenges faced and the barriers to be overcome to implement local climate actions. The work identifies local bodies in search of mandate, with their progress often invisible to others within the governance structure and many organisations struggling with issues of scale. The research also identifies the interplay between transient and stable governmental organisations and the role of climate networks. Through this in-depth analysis we have identified a new form of governance, that of ‘improvisatory governance’, where local government and nongovernmental groups are developing independent and often un-coordinated approaches. This has been driven by an acceptance of partial, incoherent, or even ‘broken’ MLG, and by the actions of ‘wilful actors’ who are demanding change and operate by spanning place and organisational boundaries

Effective climate policy and implementation require coherent orchestration of activities across multiple levels of governance and among cross-sectoral partners of central and sub-national public authorities. Recent research has focused mainly on funding, policy instruments, incentives, and institutional powers and responsibilities. Much less attention has been paid to the part played by inter-institutional communications and problem framings in the uneven development of multi-level climate governance. We offer an analysis of pathologies of communicative governance of climate action. We show that weak empowerment of sub-national actors in climate policy is exacerbated by serious problems of climate communications and contested framings of the climate crisis. Firstly, we demonstrate a lack of congruence between framings and messages concerning climate action between top-down central government actors and bottom-up local actors; and similar tensions across ideological lines at all levels. Secondly, we highlight the inadequacy of institutions for dialogue and consensus-building in multi-level governance, as indicated by recent deliberative democratic experiments in climate policy. And finally, we argue there are communicative issues in relations between institutions in the development of climate policy.

The Construction sector is characterised by complex supply networks delivering unique end products over short time scales. Sustainability has increased in importance but continues to be difficult to implement in this sector; thus, new approaches and practices are needed. This paper reports an empirical investigation into the value of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially Sustainable Consumption and Production (SDG12), when used as a framework for action by organisations to drive change towards sustainability in global supply networks. Through inductive research, two different and contrasting approaches to improving the sustainability of supply networks have been revealed. One approach focuses on the “bottom up” ethical approach typified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification of timber products, and the other on “top-down” regulations exemplified by the UK Modern Slavery Act. In an industry noted for complex supply networks and characterised by adversarial relationships, the findings suggest that, in the long term, promoting shared values aligned with transparent, third-party monitoring will be more effective than imposing standards through legislation and regulation in supporting sustainable consumption and production.