Dr Mohammad Asim
About
Biography
Dr Mohammad Asim is a cancer molecular biologist and senior lecturer (associate professor) at the University of Surrey, specialising in prostate cancer research. His work focuses on uncovering the molecular mechanisms that drive cancer progression to develop novel and more effective therapies.
Dr Asim completed his PhD at Justus Liebig University in Germany, where he investigated the regulation of androgen receptor signalling by transcriptional co-repressors and signal transduction pathways in prostate cancer. He subsequently undertook postdoctoral research in cancer therapeutics at the University of Wisconsin, where he contributed to the discovery of novel anti-androgens.
As a senior scientist at the Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute at the University of Cambridge, Dr Asim made pioneering discoveries, including identifying the first mammalian kinase that functions as a chaperone for the androgen receptor, establishing it as a potential therapeutic target. At Surrey, his research uncovered a synthetic lethal interaction between the androgen receptor and the Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase (PARP) pathway, leading to clinical applications for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). This discovery has guided several successful clinical trials resulting in FDA approval for PARP and AR co-inhibition therapy for metastatic prostate cancer.
His contributions to translational cancer research have earned him prestigious accolades, including the Young Investigator Award from the Prostate Cancer Foundation and an accelerator award from the Medical Research Council. Dr Asim has secured significant research funding and has led multiple projects in drug discovery. He holds editorial positions at Neoplasia and Translational Oncology, serves as a university senator, and is actively involved in scientific advisory roles.
Alongside his role at Surrey, Dr Asim is an Affiliated Research Scientist at the Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute. His work continues to bridge fundamental cancer biology with clinical applications, striving to improve treatment strategies for advanced prostate cancer.
Areas of specialism
University roles and responsibilities
- Academic Integrity Officer
- Visiting Tutor Professional Training Year
- Personal Tutor
- MD/PhD examiner
- Module Organiser
- Research Supervisor
My qualifications
PhD thesis studying the role of signal transduction and transcriptional cofactors in the regulation of androgen receptor function in prostate cancer
Affiliations and memberships
2. American Association for Cancer Research
3. Higher Education Academy of the United Kingdom
4. The Royal Society of Biology of the United Kingdom
News
In the media
ResearchResearch interests
Biography
Dr. Mohammad Asim graduated with a first-class Bachelor's in Science from Rohilkhand University and a Master's in Science degree from Hamdard University, New Delhi, India. The Justus Liebig University in Germany awarded him a PhD degree for his work uncovering the role of signal transduction pathways and transcriptional corepressors in the regulation of Androgen Receptor (AR) signalling in prostate cancer (PCa). His PhD work identified LCoR as a novel transcriptional corepressor for the AR and uncovered its cross-talk with the Src kinase pathway. During his postdoctoral training post in cancer biology and therapeutics at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA, he identified novel small molecules with the potential to inhibit AR signalling in PCa. Later he took up a senior scientist position at the CR UK Institute of the University of Cambridge, UK. While at Cambridge, he led the androgen signalling research theme of the Uro oncology lab and trained several scientists. After spending more than 6 years at Cambridge, he joined the University of Surrey in December 2016 as an academic.
Mohammad has over a decade of experience researching the molecular mechanisms that lead to prostate cancer progression. His research has focused on understanding the role of AR in PCa and has been proven vital in finding novel treatments for aggressive PCa.
Research interests
Lethal prostate cancer: Understanding Molecular Mechanisms to identify effective treatments
Mohammad has a keen interest and research expertise in the area of Prostate cancer (PCa). PCa is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United Kingdom with 11,000 deaths each year. Advanced PCa is often treated with hormone therapy and radiation. While a number of patients are treated and become disease-free, recurrent PCa is standard and leads to the development of castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) which is metastatic. Mohammad's research focus is on why hormone/radiation therapy fails and how cancer becomes aggressive.
Dr Asim strongly believes that multi-dimensional interdisciplinary research to attack PCa from different angles holds the key to the development of successful therapies with sustained clinical benefits. In terms of understanding the underlying biology behind the aggressive disease that allows the disease to progress and become aggressive is vital in identifying novel therapeutic targets and thus important in designing novel therapies to treat PCa. Mohammad's current research projects include:
1. Understanding the onset of aggressive PCa to develop precision diagnostic tools.
2. To understand the function of androgen receptors and associated pathways in CRPC.
3. Identification and validation of novel potential drug targets in PCa.
4. Designing novel therapeutic strategies to block PCa progression.
Dr. Asim is pleased to consider applications from prospective doctoral students and self-funded postdocs.
Honorary Affiliations
1. Visiting Scientist, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, UK.
2. Member of the Surrey Cancer Research Institute, University of Surrey-Royal Surrey County Hospital, UK.
Patent & clinical trial
Lead contributor in the discovery for which, a United States patent (#US20100010078 A1) has been obtained: “Method of treating androgen-dependent prostate cancer by administering an active pharmaceutical ingredient being Fisetin, 3,3',4',7- tertahydroxyflavone or a derivative thereof, in an oral, transdermal or topical dosage form.”
Member of the clinical trial management committee of the clinical trial entitled “A study into the pharmacodynamic biomarker effects of Olaparib (a PARP inhibitor) given prior to radical prostatectomy” protocol number CANCAP03, at the University of Cambridge Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge. The study was funded by AZ.
Editorial Roles
1. Senior Scientific Editor for Elsevier’s Neoplasia and Translational Oncology journals.
2. Review Editor for Frontiers in Oncology, Member of the editorial board of Translational Oncology, Cells & Receptors
3. Guest Editor for the Special Issue on Understanding and Targeting Androgen Receptor Signalling in Prostate Cancer (Cells; published in December 2021).
Ad hoc reviewer invitations
Nature Genetics, Nature Communications, The Journal of Clinical Investigation, Cancer Research, Clinical Cancer Research, EMBO Molecular Medicine, Oncogene, OncoTargets and Therapy, Clinical and Translational Medicine, International Journal of Cancer, Future Oncology, Epigenomics, Helicobacter, Molecular Cancer Research, Frontiers in Oncology, Oncogenesis, Cancer Letters, Cell Death and Disease, Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, BMC Urology, The Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology, PLoS One, Hormones and Cancer, Endocrine-related Cancer, Pharmaceutical Biology, Diagnostic Pathology, Tumour Biology, Life Sciences, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal of Proteome Research, Neuroscience, Drug Development Research, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, Open Biology, Journal of Clinical Medicine, Asian Journal of Andrology, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, European Journal of Pharmacology, Translational Oncology, Cells, Molecular Biology Reports, Scientific Reports, Cancer Biomarkers, Cells, Molecular Systems Biology, EMBO Reports.
Research interests
Biography
Dr. Mohammad Asim graduated with a first-class Bachelor's in Science from Rohilkhand University and a Master's in Science degree from Hamdard University, New Delhi, India. The Justus Liebig University in Germany awarded him a PhD degree for his work uncovering the role of signal transduction pathways and transcriptional corepressors in the regulation of Androgen Receptor (AR) signalling in prostate cancer (PCa). His PhD work identified LCoR as a novel transcriptional corepressor for the AR and uncovered its cross-talk with the Src kinase pathway. During his postdoctoral training post in cancer biology and therapeutics at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA, he identified novel small molecules with the potential to inhibit AR signalling in PCa. Later he took up a senior scientist position at the CR UK Institute of the University of Cambridge, UK. While at Cambridge, he led the androgen signalling research theme of the Uro oncology lab and trained several scientists. After spending more than 6 years at Cambridge, he joined the University of Surrey in December 2016 as an academic.
Mohammad has over a decade of experience researching the molecular mechanisms that lead to prostate cancer progression. His research has focused on understanding the role of AR in PCa and has been proven vital in finding novel treatments for aggressive PCa.
Research interests
Lethal prostate cancer: Understanding Molecular Mechanisms to identify effective treatments
Mohammad has a keen interest and research expertise in the area of Prostate cancer (PCa). PCa is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United Kingdom with 11,000 deaths each year. Advanced PCa is often treated with hormone therapy and radiation. While a number of patients are treated and become disease-free, recurrent PCa is standard and leads to the development of castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) which is metastatic. Mohammad's research focus is on why hormone/radiation therapy fails and how cancer becomes aggressive.
Dr Asim strongly believes that multi-dimensional interdisciplinary research to attack PCa from different angles holds the key to the development of successful therapies with sustained clinical benefits. In terms of understanding the underlying biology behind the aggressive disease that allows the disease to progress and become aggressive is vital in identifying novel therapeutic targets and thus important in designing novel therapies to treat PCa. Mohammad's current research projects include:
1. Understanding the onset of aggressive PCa to develop precision diagnostic tools.
2. To understand the function of androgen receptors and associated pathways in CRPC.
3. Identification and validation of novel potential drug targets in PCa.
4. Designing novel therapeutic strategies to block PCa progression.
Dr. Asim is pleased to consider applications from prospective doctoral students and self-funded postdocs.
Honorary Affiliations
1. Visiting Scientist, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, UK.
2. Member of the Surrey Cancer Research Institute, University of Surrey-Royal Surrey County Hospital, UK.
Patent & clinical trial
Lead contributor in the discovery for which, a United States patent (#US20100010078 A1) has been obtained: “Method of treating androgen-dependent prostate cancer by administering an active pharmaceutical ingredient being Fisetin, 3,3',4',7- tertahydroxyflavone or a derivative thereof, in an oral, transdermal or topical dosage form.”
Member of the clinical trial management committee of the clinical trial entitled “A study into the pharmacodynamic biomarker effects of Olaparib (a PARP inhibitor) given prior to radical prostatectomy” protocol number CANCAP03, at the University of Cambridge Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge. The study was funded by AZ.
Editorial Roles
1. Senior Scientific Editor for Elsevier’s Neoplasia and Translational Oncology journals.
2. Review Editor for Frontiers in Oncology, Member of the editorial board of Translational Oncology, Cells & Receptors
3. Guest Editor for the Special Issue on Understanding and Targeting Androgen Receptor Signalling in Prostate Cancer (Cells; published in December 2021).
Ad hoc reviewer invitations
Nature Genetics, Nature Communications, The Journal of Clinical Investigation, Cancer Research, Clinical Cancer Research, EMBO Molecular Medicine, Oncogene, OncoTargets and Therapy, Clinical and Translational Medicine, International Journal of Cancer, Future Oncology, Epigenomics, Helicobacter, Molecular Cancer Research, Frontiers in Oncology, Oncogenesis, Cancer Letters, Cell Death and Disease, Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, BMC Urology, The Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology, PLoS One, Hormones and Cancer, Endocrine-related Cancer, Pharmaceutical Biology, Diagnostic Pathology, Tumour Biology, Life Sciences, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal of Proteome Research, Neuroscience, Drug Development Research, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, Open Biology, Journal of Clinical Medicine, Asian Journal of Andrology, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, European Journal of Pharmacology, Translational Oncology, Cells, Molecular Biology Reports, Scientific Reports, Cancer Biomarkers, Cells, Molecular Systems Biology, EMBO Reports.
Teaching
Undergraduate Teaching
Module leader for BSc module "Molecular Biology and Genetics: From Genes to Biological Function" (BMS2036).
Module tutor for BSc module "Molecular Biology and Genetics: From Genes to Biological Function" (BMS1047).
Module tutor for BSc module "Advanced Technologies in Gene Expression" (BMS3092).
Dissertation supervisor and examiner for the BSc Research Project (BMS3048).
Professional Training Year Supervisor and assessor for the BSc Research Project (BMSP007).
Postgraduate Teaching
Founding Module leader for MSci Biomedical Science module "Cellular and Molecular Pathology" (BMSM028).
Research supervisor for MSci Advanced Research Project (BMSM027).
Sustainable development goals
My research interests are related to the following:
Publications
Highlights
- Therapeutic Exploitation of Neuroendocrine Transdifferentiation Drivers in Prostate Cancer (2024) Maylin ZR, Smith C, Classen A, Asim M, Pandha H, Wang Y. Cells 13 (23), 1999.
- Asim M*. (2024) Decoding Androgen Receptor Signalling: Genomic vs. Non-Genomic Roles in Prostate Cancer. Neoplasia Dec;58:101066
- Miller KJ, Henry I, Maylin ZR*, Smith C, Arunachalam E, Pandha H, Asim M*. (2023) A compendium of androgen receptor variant 7 target genes and their role in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Front Oncol. 2023 Mar 1;13:1129140.
- Nicolescu RCB, Maylin ZR, Pérez-Areales FJ, Iegre J, Pandha HS, Asim M*, Spring DR*. (2022) Hybrid Androgen Receptor Inhibitors Outperform Enzalutamide and EPI-001 in in vitro Models of Prostate Cancer Drug Resistance. ChemMedChem. Oct 27:e202200548.
- Miller KJ & Asim M* (2022) Unravelling the Role of Kinases that Underpin Androgen Signalling in Prostate Cancer. Cells. 2022:11(6):952. doi: 10.3390/cells11060952.
- Maylin Z, Nicolescu RCB, Pandha H, Asim M* (2021) Breaking androgen receptor addiction of prostate cancer by targeting different functional domains in the treatment of advanced disease. Translational Oncology 14:101115.
- Goel S, Bhatia V, Carskadon S, Gupta S, Asim M, Morrissey C, Palanisamy N, Ateeq B (2021) A transcriptional network involving ERG and AR orchestrates Distal-Less Homeobox 1 mediated prostate cancer progression. Nature Communications. 12:5325.
- Qureshi MI & Asim M (2020) Probing Occurrence and Possible Roles of New Insert in Spike Glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 (Preprint available at SSRN 3605888).
- Warren AY, Massie CE, Watt K, Luko K, Orafidiya F, Selth LA, Mohammed H, Chohan BS, Menon S, Baridi A, Zhao W, Escriu C, Pungsrinont T, D'Santos C, Yang X, Taylor C, Qureshi A, Zecchini VR, Shaw GL, Dehm SM, Mills IG, Carroll JS, Tilley WD, McEwan IJ, Baniahmad A, Neal DE, Asim M* (2019) A reciprocal feedback between the PDZ binding kinase and androgen receptor in prostate cancer. Oncogene 38(7):1136-1150.
- Ross-Adams H, Ball S, Lawrenson K, Halim S, Russell R, Wells C, Strand SH, Ørntoft TF, Larson M, Armasu S, Massie CE, Asim M, Mortensen MM, Borre M, Woodfine K, Warren AY, Lamb AD, Kay J, Whitaker H, Ramos-Montoya A, Murrell A, Sørensen KD, Fridley BL, Goode EL, Gayther SA, Masters J, Neal DE, Mills IG. (2016) HNF1B variants associate with promoter methylation and regulate gene networks activated in prostate and ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 7(46):74734.
- Asim M*, Tarish F, Zecchini HI, Sanjiv K, Gelali E, Massie CE, Baridi A, Warren AY, Zhao W, Ogris C, McDuffus LA, Mascalchi P, Shaw G, Dev H, Wadhwa K, Wijnhoven P, Forment JV, Lyons SR, Lynch AG, O’Neill C, Zecchini V, Rennie PS, Baniahmad A, Tavaré S, Mills IG, Galanty Y, Crosetto N, Schultz N, Neal DE and Helleday T (2017) Synthetic Lethality between androgen signaling and PARP pathway in Prostate Cancer. Nature Communications 8(1):374.
- Asim M*, Massie CE & Neal DE (2016) Kinase Joins the Chaperone Club: Androgen-Regulated Kinome Reveals Choline Kinase Alpha as Potential Drug Target in Prostate Cancer. Molecular & Cellular Oncology 3(3):e1140262.
- Asim M*, Massie CE, Orafidiya F, Pértega-Gomes N, Warren AY, Selth LA, Zecchini HI, Qureshi A, Baridi A, Menon S, Madhu B, Escriu C, Lyons S, Zecchini V, Shaw G, Hessenkemper W, Russell R, Mohammed H, Stefanos N, Lynch AG, Grigorenko E, D’Santos C, Taylor C, Lamb A, Sriranjan R, Yang J, Stark R, Dehm SM, Rennie PS, Baniahmad A, Carroll JS, Griffiths JR, Tavaré S, McEwan IJ, Mills IG, Tilley WD, & Neal DE. (2015) Choline kinase alpha as an Androgen Receptor Chaperone and Prostate Cancer Therapeutic Target. Journal of National Cancer Institute 108(5).
- Pertega-Gomes N, Felisbino S, Massie CE, Vizcaino JR, Coelho R, Sandi C, Sousa S, Jurmeister S, Ramos-Montoya A, Asim M, Tran M, Oliveira E, Lobo da Cunha A, Maximo V, Baltazar F, Neal DE, Fryer LG. (2015) A glycolytic phenotype is associated with prostate cancer progression and aggressiveness: A role for Monocarboxylate Transporters as metabolic targets for therapy. J Pathol. 236(4):517-30.
- Zecchini V, Madhu B, Russell R, Pértega-Gomes N, Warren A, Gaude E, Borlido J, Stark R, Zecchini HI, Rao R, Scott H, Boren J, Massie C, Asim M, Brindle K, Griffiths J, Frezza C, Neal D, Mills IG. (2014) Beta-arrestin1 regulates prostate cancer cell metabolism reprogramming through SDH and FH-dependent modulation of HIF1A activity. EMBO Journal 33(12):1365-82.
- Mahmood I, Ahmad I, Asim M, Lopes TT, Costa L (2014) Silica-coated iron oxide nano-particles in vitro genotoxicity assessment and its interference with mercury co-exposure in European eel Anguilla anguilla L. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22(5):3687-96.
- Eckey M, Kraft F, Kob R, Escher N, Asim M, Fischer H, Fritsche MK, Melle C, Baniahmad A. (2013) The corepressor activity of Alien is controlled by CBP/p300. FEBS Journal 280(8):1861-8.
- Asim M, Hafeez BB, Siddiqui IA, Gerlach C, Patz M, Mukhtar H, Baniahmad A. (2011) Ligand-dependent corepressor acts as a novel androgen receptor corepressor, inhibits prostate cancer growth, and is functionally inactivated by the Src protein kinase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 286(43):37108-17.
- Altay G, Asim M, Markowetz F, Neal DE. (2011) Differential C3NET reveals disease networks of direct physical interactions. BMC Bioinformatics 12:296.
- Siddiqui IA, Asim M (Shared first), Hafeez BB, Adhami VM, Tarapore RS, Mukhtar H. (2011) Green tea polyphenol EGCG blunts androgen receptor function in prostate cancer. FASEB Journal 25(4):1198-207.
- Eisold M, Asim M, Eskelinen H, Linke T, Baniahmad A. (2009) Inhibition of MAPK-signaling pathway promotes the interaction of the corepressor SMRT with the human androgen receptor and mediates repression of prostate cancer cell growth in the presence of antiandrogens. J Mol Endocrinol. 42(5):429-35.
- Saleem M, Murtaza I, Tarapore RS, Suh Y, Adhami VM, Johnson JJ, Siddiqui IA, Khan N, Asim M, Hafeez BB, Shekhani MT, Li B, Mukhtar H. (2009) Lupeol inhibits proliferation of human prostate cancer cells by targeting beta-catenin signaling. Carcinogenesis 30(5):808-17.
- Siddiqui IA, Adhami VM, Bharali DJ, Hafeez BB, Asim M, Khwaja SI, Ahmad N, Cui H, Mousa SA, Mukhtar H. (2009) Introducing nanochemoprevention as a novel approach for cancer control: proof of principle with green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Cancer Research 69(5):1712-6.
- Hafeez BB, Adhami VM, Asim M, Siddiqui IA, Bhat KM, Zhong W, Saleem M, Din M, Setaluri V, Mukhtar H. (2009) Targeted knockdown of Notch1 inhibits invasion of human prostate cancer cells concomitant with inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and urokinase plasminogen activator. Clin Cancer Research 15(2):452-9.
- Hafeez BB, Asim M, Siddiqui IA, Adhami VM, Murtaza I, Mukhtar H. (2008) Delphinidin, a dietary anthocyanidin in pigmented fruits and vegetables: a new weapon to blunt prostate cancer growth. Cell Cycle 7(21):3320-6.
- Hafeez BB, Siddiqui IA, Asim M, Malik A, Afaq F, Adhami VM, Saleem M, Din M, Mukhtar H. (2008) A dietary anthocyanidin delphinidin induces apoptosis of human prostate cancer PC3 cells in vitro and in vivo: involvement of nuclear factor-kappaB signaling. Cancer Research 68(20):8564-72.
- Khan N, Asim M( shared first), Afaq F, Abu Zaid M, Mukhtar H. (2008) A novel dietary flavonoid fisetin inhibits androgen receptor signaling and tumor growth in athymic nude mice. Cancer Research 68(20):8555-63.
- Siddiqui IA, Shukla Y, Adhami VM, Sarfaraz S, Asim M, Hafeez BB, Mukhtar H. (2008) Suppression of NFkappaB and its regulated gene products by oral administration of green tea polyphenols in an autochthonous mouse prostate cancer model. Pharm Res. 25(9):2135-42.
- Asim M, Siddiqui IA, Hafeez BB, Baniahmad A, Mukhtar H. (2008) Src kinase potentiates androgen receptor transactivation function and invasion of androgen-independent prostate cancer C4-2 cells. Oncogene 27(25):3596-604.
- Moehren U, Papaioannou M, Reeb CA, Grasselli A, Nanni S, Asim M, Roell D, Prade I, Farsetti A, Baniahmad A. (2008) Wild-type but not mutant androgen receptor inhibits expression of the hTERT telomerase subunit: a novel role of AR mutation for prostate cancer development. FASEB Journal 22(4):1258-67.
- Saleem M, Maddodi N, Abu Zaid M, Khan N, bin Hafeez B, Asim M, Suh Y, Yun JM, Setaluri V, Mukhtar H. (2008) Lupeol inhibits growth of highly aggressive human metastatic melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo by inducing apoptosis. Clin Cancer Research 14(7):2119-27.
- Siddiqui IA, Malik A, Adhami VM, Asim M, Hafeez BB, Sarfaraz S, Mukhtar H. (2008) Green tea polyphenol EGCG sensitizes human prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis and synergistically inhibits biomarkers associated with angiogenesis and metastasis. Oncogene 27(14):2055-63.
33. Siddiqui IA, Saleem M, Adhami VM, Asim M, Mukhtar H. (2007) Tea beverage in chemoprevention and chemo therapy of prostate cancer. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 28(9):1392-408.
34. Gessner G, Schönherr K, Soom M, Hansel A, Asim M, Baniahmad A, Derst C, Hoshi T, Heinemann SH. (2005) BKCa channels activating at resting potential without calcium in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. J Membr Biol. 208(3):229-40.
35. Papaioannou M, Reeb C, Asim M, Dotzlaw H, Baniahmad A. (2005) Co-activator and corepressor interplay on the human androgen receptor. Andrologia 37(6):211-2
Book chapters
1. Khan, F.N., Asim, M., Qureshi, M.I. (2024). Artificial Intelligence in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Current Status and Future Prospects. In: Raza, K., Singh, S. (eds) Artificial Intelligence and Autoimmune Diseases. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol 1133. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9029-0_10
2. Khan, F.N., Asim, M., Qureshi, M.I. (2023). Overview and Classification of Swarm Intelligence-Based Nature-Inspired Computing Algorithms and Their Applications in Cancer Detection and Diagnosis. In: Raza, K. (eds) Nature-Inspired Intelligent Computing Techniques in Bioinformatics. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol 1066. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6379-7_7