Dr Lisa Mohebati

COMFOCUS aims to embed reflexivity and responsibility into its activities and to develop procedures and outcomes (frameworks, COMFOCUS Knowledge Platform and best practice guidelines) in line with the principles of RRI. Broadly defined, RRI calls for research and innovation (R&I) actors to align processes and outcomes of research with the needs and values of society. It broadens the conceptualisation of ethics, addressing the purposes, intentions, motivations, and interests early on in the process of research and innovation, with the guiding principles of transparency, reflexivity, and anticipation. It requires greater societal engagement of actors that are able to engage throughout the process, under the principles of openness, inclusion and responsiveness. It focuses on collective responsibility and care about the processes and outcomes of research and innovation. The current document reviews the relevant literature related to RRI and highlights the ethical, legal and societal frameworks that should inform this. This is done by paying particular attention to the specific characteristics of R&I within the context of food consumer science and highlighting the unique features of research based on traditional, hypothesis-testing approach, and the data-driven approach based on big data. The report identifies a range of values that inform ethical frameworks, and summarises these in terms of respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, and explicability. Many of these are reflected in the legal frameworks that are developed to ensure transparent and enforceable procedures of research, primarily implemented through actions of ethics committees and office for data governance within research institutions. Here, the concept of privacy, anonymity, informed consent, data ownership, the right to be forgotten, conditions for data sharing and transparent data management processes are core elements. The extant ethical values and legal principles are reinforced by the rise of open science agenda that calls for Quality and Integrity, Collective benefit, Equity and Fairness and Diversity and Inclusiveness in the process of doing science. It highlights the FAIR principles (data must be findable, accessible, interoperable and re-usable) that should help scientists comply with the principles of Open Science and drive the collective benefit and responsibility. Nevertheless, the review identifies challenges of applying open science in practice as it pre-supposes activities that can often directly contradict some of the established legal principles such as informed consent, data ownership and the rights to be forgotten. Informed consent, in particular, will need to be addressed by COMFOCUS because in the era of big data and the exponential drive towards greater openness, the main principles behind informed consent may be over-ridden by the value of collective benefit guiding the agenda of open science.The report finishes with the framework for reflecting on ethical and legal issues, that was generated through this literature review, and elaborated upon by the members of the COMFOCUS consortium through an interactive, deliberative workshop. Through a process of collaborative reflection, the framework identifies specific tasks and activities within each WP of COMFOCUS that may pose ethical, legal and social challenges, and, through the process of co-creation, it provides solutions to resolve these.Going forward, it is recommended that each task within each work package must have an item on the agenda dedicated to ethics and governance, so that ethics and governance are included by design. As the Open Calls application process will soon be developed, it is especially important that ethics and governance as well as societal engagement are built into to the Open Calls application process. There also is a need for systematic and broad engagement of a range of stakeholders within COMFOCUS, with Non-Governmental Organisations and citizen representatives (identified in a systematic and transparent way) having an equal say to industry participants. Prior to data collection, specific issues such as the right to be forgotten (withdrawal of data) need to be defined and mechanisms put in place whereby they may be enacted.     It is also of great importance that consideration be given now to the future institutional structure of COMFOCUS. Governance processes need to be embedded into the operations of the future knowledge platform as it is being built. It is not too early to start thinking about the development of university-level agreements, initiatives and standards for working responsibly that will set clear expectations of those coming to COMFOCUS in terms of the conditions and processes they need to comply with. Ethical and data governance processes, although related, need to be defined in their own right. Steps to ensure the appropriate governance of the COMFOCUS knowledge platform need to include: >     1. a standards-setting body to ensure ethical compliance;>     2. a minimum set of ethical standards for interacting with COMFOCUS;>     3. a gate keeper who ensures compliance and audits the processes;>     4. an implementation/enforcement process and structure.Additional clarity is also needed in relation to the allocation of responsibilities within the research & innovation eco-system, which include not only legal but also ethical and societal responsibilities, in order to ensure greater transparency and instigate collective responsibility.

Food citizenship (FC) offers a critical lens for reimagining food systems and advancing more sustainable, democratic forms of governance. Despite its normative appeal, FC remains conceptually underdeveloped and empirically untested. This study develops and validates a conceptual framework for understanding the psychological dimensions of food citizenship and operationalises it using standard psychometric procedures. We hypothesised that a sense of responsibility, personal values, food system-related knowledge, and food citizenship behaviours constitute four interrelated facets of FC multidimensional construct. Through an expert review study, lay cognitive interviews, and an online survey ( N  = 400), we identified four empirically distinct yet connected dimensions: citizen responsibilities, behaviours directed toward food system change, behaviours to reduce food waste, and a person valuing the sustainable food system . Each dimension captures a specific aspect of how individuals engage with food citizenship across contexts. By operationalising food citizenship as a measurable construct, this study advances understanding of its psychological foundations and highlights its policy relevance as both an individual characteristic and a mechanism for promoting food system change. It offers a means to assess public engagement with food systems, allowing policymakers to track shifts over time and across demographic contexts, and to inform the development of policy interventions.

It is increasingly being recognised that tackling the problems of the current food system requires active involvement of ordinary citizens. Such engagement has also been linked to the emerging concept of food citizenship, entailing greater mobilisation on the part of citizens, although how this is observed varies in the literature. This scoping review mapped a range of activities associated with food citizenship and the definitions used in conjunction with them. This was done by examining peer-reviewed published articles and theses making direct reference to the operationalisation of food citizenship in 5 databases ( n  = 420). The analysis of the final sample of 45 studies suggested that recurring elements – including behaviours (such as participation in alternative food practices and agency in decision-making), a sense of community and increased knowledge or awareness – are often used in connection with the operationalisation of food citizenship. It additionally highlights that despite a limited number of studies available on the how food citizenship is being empirically captured, it cannot be measured through attitudes/values alone and exclude behaviours or vice-versa – each reinforces the other. Finally, nuances are apparent in the way food citizenship is being observed and defined, with measurements of participation in collective decision-making around food lagging behind references to this activity in definitions of food citizenship.

There is limited understanding of what constitutes public benefit from the perspective of the public, and none that we are aware of related to food consumer science. The purpose of this study is to contribute towards a better understanding of public benefit as a whole and its connection to food choice, essential to driving progress towards responsible consumption and healthier diets. Public benefit, associated trade-offs and responsible actors were investigated via written questions, and food choice was explored during group discussions using the PlayDecide methodology. Adults (n = 105) were recruited in six European countries (Denmark, Germany, Italy, Slovakia, Spain and the UK) and stratified by attained education. Our findings indicate that assumptions should not be made that there is general consensus about what constitutes public benefit, especially with regard to consumer food choice. Group discussions around food-related freedom of choice, education, agency and responsibility suggested that private and public benefit are neither mutually exclusive nor automatically complementary. The serious game approach employed affected a change in participants’ public benefit perceptions, demonstrating its potential to better evaluate the connections between private interests and the common good through meaningful public deliberation.

Background:In most European countries, women are relatively more susceptible to smoking-related diseases, find it more difficult to quit and are more likely to relapse than men. With the aim of improving the understanding of women’s needs from smoking cessation services, this qualitative study examines perceptions of women from deprived communities on the National Health Service stop smoking service in England, UK. Methods:A qualitative study of 11 women, smokers and ex-smokers, who had used the stop smoking service located in disadvantaged communities in East Sussex, England, UK. Data were collected through focus group and semi-structured interviews and were subjected to thematic analysis. Results:Women felt that services tailored to their needs would improve cessation rates. They expect smoking cessation facilitators to be non-judgemental and to offer psychological insight into addiction. However, women’s opinions differed on the importance for facilitators to be female or ex-smokers and on the preference of group or one-to-one services, some women expressed a preference for women only groups. The women praised the continuity of care, capacity for peer support, flexibility of time and location and free cessation aids offered. Conversely, the women felt that services were poorly advertised, that access was not universally good and that services at the work place and drop-in groups would improve access for working women and women with young children. Conclusion:Flexible, person-centered services that are tailored towards the needs of individual smokers and better dissemination of information regarding the range of services available could facilitate greater uptake of smoking cessation services for women in deprived communities.

Breastfeeding mothers often report perceived insufficient milk (PIM) believing their infant is crying too much, which leads to introducing formula and the early abandonment of breastfeeding. We sought to determine if infant crying was associated with reported PIM (yes/no) and number of problems associated with lactation (lactation problem score [LPS] 6‐point Likert scale) before formula introduction. Primiparous breastfeeding mothers were recruited at birth and visited at 1, 2 and 4 weeks. Among those fully breastfeeding at 1 week (N = 230), infant crying variables based on maternal reports were not associated with PIM at 1 week, but LPS was. However, a mother's expectation that her infant would cry more than other infants was associated with increased odds of reporting PIM at 2 and 4 weeks, as were delayed onset of lactation and previous LPS. At 1 week, crying variables (frequency, difficulty in soothing) were associated with LPS along with percent weight change. Delayed onset of lactation, infant care style, number of breastfeeds and previous LPS were longitudinally associated with change in LPS from 1 to 2 weeks and 2 to 4 weeks. Our data suggest that reported infant crying is associated with PIM and LPS in the first 4 weeks of life. Guidance on what to expect in crying behaviour and the impact of infant care style may be beneficial in reducing PIM and LPS in the first month.

We examined mealtime interactions to assess whether they varied according to maternal body mass index, country and mode of feeding in 41 Israeli and UK mother-infant dyads. Feeding behaviours were coded using the Simple Feeding Element Scale. Significantly, more UK mothers breastfed during the filmed meal compared to Israeli mothers. Mealtime interactions did not vary according to maternal body mass index or country. Women who breastfed (as opposed to those who bottle fed or fed solids) provided fewer distractions during the meal, a more ideal feeding environment and fed more responsively.

Objective: To ascertain the perceptions of women from deprived communities on national tobacco control measures in England. Methods: A qualitative study of 11 women, smokers and ex-smokers, from disadvantaged areas, who had used the National Health Service (NHS) Stop Smoking Service. Data were collected through a focus group and semi-structured interviews, and subjected to thematic analysis. Results: The ban on smoking in confined public places was perceived as an effective measure for tobacco control. Methods to restrict accessibility - including removing point-of-sale displays, raising the price, and preventing sales in certain places - were perceived as effective techniques to deter smoking initiation and prevent triggering temptation to smoke for someone motivated to quit, but not helpful to change attitudes or behaviors among current smokers. Women felt desensitized to health warnings used on tobacco products. Public health campaigns with gain-framed messages were more likely to engage smokers to want to quit. Of the loss-framed messages, participants felt that focusing on personal appearance and children was effective. Conclusions: Strategies that are tailored to attitudes and beliefs among women smokers should consider gain-framed messages and messages that focused on the effects to appearance and children to promote cessation and prevent relapse.

The aim of this study was to map and analyse how key stakeholders evaluated options for dealing with the rising incidence of obesity in the UK, as part of a wider cross-national study in nine European countries. Multi-criteria mapping was used to capture the ways in which different policy options were evaluated by a variety of key stakeholders. 'Positive societal benefits' was among the criteria most often selected by participants to assess the options and was generally considered more important than costs. Of the seven pre-defined options that all participants appraised, those related to increasing opportunities for physical activity received the highest rankings, and fiscal measures the lowest. Educational measures fared best among the remaining 13 discretionary options while technological measures performed poorly. No one option, or group of options, was considered sufficient to address the obesity problem. Rather, a general consensus was evident in support of mutually reinforcing measures related to education, information, healthier food and physical activity. Although obesity policies are currently emerging in these different areas in the UK, there is a need for them to be better coordinated, and for improved surveillance to estimate their effectiveness in reversing the trend in obesity. © 2007 The Authors.

Objectives: Women are relatively more susceptible to smoking-related diseases and find it more difficult to quit; however, little research exists on factors associated with smoking cessation and relapse in women. We examined attitudes towards and perceptions of factors associated with smoking cessation and relapse in women from deprived communities. Study design: Qualitative interview study. Methods: Participants included eleven women, smokers and ex-smokers, from disadvantaged communities in East Sussex, England, who had used the National Health Service (NHS) stop smoking service. Data were collected through a focus group and semi-structured interviews, and subjected to thematic analysis. Results: Participants opined that it is more difficult for women to quit smoking than men. Women felt that postcessation weight gain was inevitable and acted as a barrier to quitting. Hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle and greater levels of stress were perceived as obstacles to quitting and reasons for relapse. Conversely, the women cited effects of smoking on physical appearance, oral hygiene and guilt about exposing children to passive smoke as powerful motivators to quit; and highlighted the impact of public health campaigns that focused on these factors. Views diverged on whether quitting with someone close to you is a help or hindrance. Other themes including alcohol intake, daily routine and being in the presence of smokers emerged as situational triggers of relapse. Conclusions: Interventions that address women's concerns related to postcessation weight gain, hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle and stress may aid with smoking cessation and reduce relapse. Public health campaigns should consider the impact of smoking on physical appearance and the effect of passive smoke on children.

Purpose:The purpose of this paper is to report the outcome of an education and public health collaboration investigating the impact of adapted training to enhance teachers' potential role to promote child health and wellbeing.Design/methodology/approach:The study was conducted in three phases: a survey of the health education content in universities in initial teacher training courses; a longitudinal survey at the commencement and completion of courses to capture trainees' knowledge, skills and attitudes towards health and their role in health promotion; and mapping curriculum content against qualified teacher standards and public health competencies.FindingsTraining about health varies largely between institutions. Trainees' knowledge levels remained low after training; ranked importance of key health topics - nutrition, alcohol, smoking, - decreased significantly; a majority thought that teachers and schools play an important role in health promotion, but significant increases were also noted in the minority who thought health promotion is not part of their remit (Phase 2).Originality/value:To the best of one's knowledge, similar work has not so far been reported. While teachers are in a prime position to influence child health, trainees require knowledge and skills to realise their public health potential.

Objective:In most developed countries, substantial disparities exist in access to mental health services for black and minority ethnic (BME) populations. We sought to determine perceived barriers to accessing mental health services among people from these backgrounds to inform the development of effective and culturally acceptable services to improve equity in healthcare.Design and setting:Qualitative study in Southeast EnglandParticipants:26 adults from BME backgrounds (13 men, 13 women; aged >18years) were recruited to 2 focus groups. Participants were identified through the registers of the Black and Minority Ethnic Community Partnership centre and by visits to local community gatherings and were invited to take part by community development workers. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify key themes about perceived barriers to accessing mental health services.Results:Participants identified 2 broad themes that influenced access to mental health services. First, personal and environmental factors included inability to recognise and accept mental health problems, positive impact of social networks, reluctance to discuss psychological distress and seek help among men, cultural identity, negative perception of and social stigma against mental health and financial factors. Second, factors affecting the relationship between service user and healthcare provider included the impact of long waiting times for initial assessment, language barriers, poor communication between service users and providers, inadequate recognition or response to mental health needs, imbalance of power and authority between service users and providers, cultural naivety, insensitivity and discrimination towards the needs of BME service users and lack of awareness of different services among service users and providers.Conclusions;People from BME backgrounds require considerable mental health literacy and practical support to raise awareness of mental health conditions and combat stigma. There is a need for improving information about services and access pathways. Healthcare providers need relevant training and support in developing effective communication strategies to deliver individually tailored and culturally sensitive care. Improved engagement with people from BME backgrounds in the development and delivery of culturally appropriate mental health services could facilitate better understanding of mental health conditions and improve access.

Background: A limited number of studies have examined infant crying patterns in less affluent societies, but none of them have been longitudinal in nature. The aim of this study was to describe reported infant crying patterns in a cohort of Mexican infants and examine how these are associated with crying-related maternal expectations, general perceptions and help-seeking behavior. Methods: Observational cohort study, 204 primiparous mothers and their infants, recruited at birth and visited in their homes at nine different time points from 1 to 24 weeks of infant age. Results: Mothers reported that their infants cried less than infants in other more affluent societies, although not less frequently. A previously reported evening clustering of crying was present, with a subtle 24-h crying peak emerging around 2 to 4 weeks. Having an expectation of an infant who will be difficult to soothe and/or an increased report of crying frequency were associated with perceptions of maternal anguish, which was associated with maternal concern and help-seeking behaviors related to crying. Conclusions: Similarities and differences were found in the crying patterns reported by mothers of Mexican infants and others previously studied. Expectations and reports of crying behavior were associated with maternal perceptions, which may have a role in reducing crying-related anguish and demand on health services.