
Professor Ali Emrouznejad
About
Biography
Ali Emrouznejad is a Professor and Chair in Business Analytics at Surrey Business School, UK. He is also the director of the Centre for Business Analytics in Practice, where he leads research efforts in a variety of areas, including performance measurement and management, efficiency and productivity analysis, as well as AI and big data. Before his current position, he was the head of the Business Analytics Group at Aston University. He earned his MSc in Applied Mathematics and his PhD in Operational Research and Systems from Warwick Business School, UK. After obtaining his PhD in the area of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in 1998, he joined the development team of Performance Indicators (PI) in Higher Education (HE) at HEFCE (Higher Education Funding Council for England). The PI in HE has been widely published and is now an annual publication of HESA (Higher Education Statistical Agency).
Ali Emrouznejad has been named one of the top 2% most influential scientists in the world by Stanford University. He is a Fellow of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications (FIMA) Fellow of the Institute Sustainability, and Fellow of the Institute for People-Centred Artificial Intelligence. as well as a member of the UKRI (UK Research and Innovation) Talent Peer Review College (PRC).
He has also collaborated on several research projects including:
- (1) “Assessing cost efficiencies in higher education” funded by the Department for Education and Skills (DfES)
- (2) “Improving efficiency and productivity of hospitals and healthcare systems in several African countries” funded by WHO-Africa (World Health Organization). (
- 3) Project on “Analysis of efficiencies and productivity evolution in manufacturing industries with CO2 emissions” funded by Royal Academy of Engineering
- (4) “Measuring efficiency of small-scale sugarcane growers in Africa” funded by British Council and several others.
- (5) “Use of Machin Learning to optimise milk yields and animal feed in the supply chain through to the cheese manufacturing processes” funded by Knowledge Transfer Partnership (KTP).
Prof Emrouznejad is the editor of Annals of Operations Research, associate editor or guest editor to number of other journals including: European Journal of Operational Research, Journal of Operational Research Society, OR Spectrum, RAIOR-Operations Research, Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, IMA journal of Management Mathematics, Journal of Medical Systems, and International Journal of Energy Management Sector, and Data Envelopment Analysis journal. He is also member of editorial boards of several other scientific journals including EURO Journal on Decision Processes, International Journal of Society Systems Science, International Journal of Applied Decision Sciences, and Central European Review of Economics and Management.
He has published over 250 articles in top ranked journals, such as European Journal of Operational Research, OMEGA, Computers and Operations Research, RAIRO-Operations Research, Journal of Operational Research Society, Annals of Operations Research , Information and Management, International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, Expert Systems with Applications, International Transactions in Operational Research, International Journal of Production Research, Computers and Industrial Engineering, International Journal of Operations Research, International Journal of Approximate Reasoning, Knowledge-Based Systems, Soft computing, International Journal of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Information Sciences, Expert Systems, Applied Mathematics and Computation, Applied Mathematical Modelling, International Journal of Financial Service Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Assembly Automation, Applied Economics Letters, Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Journal of Environmental Technology and Management Energy, Energy policy, Journal of Medical Systems and many more.
Prof Emrouznejad is author / editor of several books including
- “Applied Operational Research with SAS” (CRC Taylor & Francis),
- “Modern Indices for International Economic Diplomacy” (Springer)
- “Big Data and Blockchain for Service Operations Management“(Springer),
- “Big Data Optimization: Recent Developments and Challenges” (Springer),
- “Performance Measurement with Fuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis” (Springer),
- “Big Data for Greater Good” (Springer),
- "Data Envelopment Analysis with GAMS" (Springer)
- “Managing Service Productivity” (Springer),
- “Fuzzy Analytics Hierarchy Process” (CRC Taylor & Francis),
- and “Handbook of Research on Strategic Performance Management and Measurement” (IGI Global).
Areas of specialism
Publications
Previous studies examining the electricity consumption behavior using traditional research methods, before the smart-meter era, mostly worked on fewer variables, and the practical implications of the findings were predominantly tailored towards suppliers and businesses rather than residents. This study first provides an overview of prior research findings on electric energy use patterns and their predictors in the pre and post smart-meter era, honing in on machine learning techniques for the latter. It then addresses identified gaps in the literature by: 1) analyzing a highly detailed dataset containing a variety of variables on the physical, demographic, and socioeconomic characteristics of households using unsupervised machine learning algorithms, including feature selection and cluster analysis; and 2) examining the environmental attitude of high consumption and low consumption clusters to generate practical implications for residents.
Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a widely used mathematical programming approach for assessing the efficiency of decision-making units (DMUs) in various sectors. Inverse DEA is a post-DEA sensitivity analysis approach developed initially for solving resource allocation. The main objective of Inverse DEA is to determine the optimal quantity of inputs and/or outputs for each DMU under input and/or output perturbation(s) that would allow them to reach a given efficiency target. Since the early 2000s, Inverse DEA has been extended theoretically and applied successfully in different areas including banking, energy, education, sustainability, and supply chain management. In recent years, research has demonstrated the potential of Inverse DEA for solving novel inverse problems, such as estimating merger gains, minimizing production pollution, optimizing business partnerships, and more. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the latest theoretical and practical advancements in Inverse DEA, while also highlighting potential areas for future research and development in this field. One such area is exploring the use of heuristic algorithms and optimization techniques in conjunction with Inverse DEA models to address issues of infeasibility and a.emrouznejad@surrey.ac.uk 2 nonlinearity. Moreover, applying Inverse DEA to new sectors such as healthcare, agriculture, and environmental and climate change issues holds great promise for future research. Overall, this paper sets the stage for further advancements in this promising approach.
Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a non-parametric optimization approach that was first introduced by Charnes et al. (1978) and is widely used for assessing the performance and comparative efficiency of decision-making units (DMUs) in both public and private sectors. It has emerged as a success story of management science and has found applications in various domains, including environmental, banking, healthcare, transportation, education, manufacturing, agriculture, energy, sport, and tourism. DEA's popularity has grown rapidly since its inception, and it continues to be a valuable tool for decision-makers in various fields (Emrouznejad et al.; 2018). Standard DEA models evaluate the relative efficiency of DMUs based on their input and output data, but they do not provide information on estimating the amount of inputs and/or outputs needed to achieve efficiency targets. To determine these data, an inverse DEA model must be solved. This requires the development of appropriate mathematical models that are capable of solving the associate inverse problems. Wei et al. (2000) and Amin et al. (2017) highlighted the importance of solving inverse DEA problems and contributed to the development of related mathematical models. However, the challenge of solving inverse DEA problems is still an ongoing research area, and there is a need for
We highlight the state-of-the-art in the eco-efficiency measurement using Data Envelopment Analysis, including Malmquist-Luenberger productivity index. We also consider productivity change over time, provide directions for future studies in the field, and gather the most recent policy suggestions for governments, organisations and sectors for reducing CO2 emissions. A structured literature search of the Web of Science academic database reveals 311 papers published between 1989 and 2022. We carry out network analysis of citations to show the evolution of the literature in this research topic. In doing so, we (a) examine the key-route main path of knowledge flows, (b) provide basic bibliometric information about the most active journals and authors, (c) conduct a qualitative in-depth analysis of the identified most important studies and (d) identify the research fronts and relate them to the emerging issues on the topic researched, focusing on the most recent period between 2000 and 2022. Based on the insights of the literature review, the second part of this paper critically analyses the papers on the key-route (main path) of this subject. This review can be used as guidance and a starting point for researchers and practitioners that want to further investigate optimal policies to reach NetZero.
Performance evaluation enables decision makers (DMs) to have a better view about the weaknesses and strengths of leading units to improve efficiencies as a crucial goal. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is the most popular technique to measure performance efficiency of decision making units (DMUs). However, conventional DEA is unable to consider uncertainty of input and output data in the evaluations. In this study, in order to address uncertainty in data, a robust credibility DEA (RCDEA) model has been introduced. First, a fuzzy credibility approach is used to construct fuzzy data. Then, a robust optimization approach is applied to consider uncertainty in constructing fuzzy sets. Moreover, perturbation level is considered as exact and fuzzy values. To illustrate the capability of the proposed model, 28 hospitals are evaluated in northwestern region of Iran and results are analyzed. According to the results, as perturbation degree increases, DMUs get normalized lower efficiencies and vise-versa.
Studies have shown that the sensible operation of big data may yield powerful insights that can improve the organisations’ strategic decision-making process and contribute to achieving an enhanced competitive advantage. In this manuscript, we explore the promise of big data in redefining strategy in service operations management (SOM) by means of investigating a rich range of bibliographic material. The SOM field has a plethora of research opportunities to capitalise on, which are enhanced by the presence of big data. SOM research in the big data age implies a shift in attention from being increasingly integrative across themes to being integrative across multiple disciplines, requiring the expertise of and tuning between different actors and expertise domains. Our aim is to stimulate debate in the field and set out a renewed research agenda by means of calling for additional considerations of strategic aspects, namely technology, people, and ethics, that can help guide and move the field forward.
Mutual fund (MF) is one of the applicable and popular tools in investment market. The aim of this paper is to propose an approach for performance evaluation of mutual fund by considering internal structure and financial data uncertainty. To reach this goal, the robust network data envelopment analysis (RNDEA) is presented for extended two-stage structure. In the RNDEA method, leader-follower (non-cooperative game) and robust optimization approaches are applied in order to modeling network data envelopment analysis (NDEA) and dealing with uncertainty, respectively. The proposed RNDEA approach is implemented for performance assessment of 15 mutual funds. Illustrative results show that presented method is applicable and effective for performance evaluation and ranking of MFs in the presence of uncertain data. Also, the results reveal that the discriminatory power of robust NDEA approach is more than the discriminatory power of deterministic NDEA models.
Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model has been applied for evaluating bank branches and recognizing efficient and inefficient branches can help bank managers to provide appropriate strategies to improve the inefficient branches' performance. Conventional DEA models are based on the " black box " approach. However, the process of providing services in banks is made up of interactive and interdependent processes. Additionally, some managers tend to incorporate their preferences in evaluation process. In this paper, Best Worst Method (BWM) is used for incorporating decision maker (DM) preferences in two-stage DEA model. First, BWM model is applied to obtain the weights of inputs, intermediate measures and outputs based on decision maker's (DM) judgment. Second, generated weights are imposed on two-stage DEA model as additional constraints and a novel bi-objective BWM-two stage DEA model is introduced. Finally, the proposed bi-objective BWM-two stage DEA model is solved using min-max approach. To illustrate the capability of proposed model, 45 Agricultural Bank (Agribank) branches in West Azerbaijan province of Iran are evaluated. The branches' processes are considered as two stages " production " and " profitability " and efficiency of branches are calculated in each stage. According to the efficiencies of each sub-stage, branches are divided to four groups and recommendations are made for each group.
Composite indices are used by national and international organisations, as well as governments and corporations, to track various performance aspects of a country's economy and its people, evaluate progress, and engage constructively in policy dialogue; and they have long proven useful as communication tools and inputs into decision-making and policymaking. Modern Indices for International Economic Diplomacy compiles a spectrum of relevant indices for development and well-being used in benchmarking across nations, namely the OECD Better Life Index, the Gini Index, the Gender Equality/Inequality Index, the International Energy Security Risk Index, the Big Mac Index, the Country Risk Index, the Corruption Perceptions Index, and the Global Terrorism Index. The book will be relevant to practitioners, policymakers, researchers, and students interested in the topic of international economic relationships.
The significant positive and negatives effects of transportation systems (TSs) on the sustainability of cities and human life draw much attention from both researchers and managers. Constructing bus rapid transit (BRT) networks, or adding new lines to the existing ones, is one of the cheapest and easiest solutions to improve the performance of the urban transportation network (UTN). Often, large number of candidate projects (BRT lines) renders the execution of all these projects impossible due to technical and financial limitations. Hence, evaluating the candidate projects and developing the best plan for constructing a BRT network is an important issue requiring a complex decision-making process. In this study, a multi-period triple-level sustainable BRT network design model has been proposed using data envelopment analysis, game theory, Malmquist Index (MI) and considering all sustainability dimensions including environment, economic and society. Both managers' and passengers' perspectives have been considered in the modeling. A procedure based on a genetic algorithm (GA) has been developed to solve the presented triple-level model. Finally, the model has been applied to a real-world case study of evaluating and selecting the BRT projects in the city of Isfahan, and the results have been analyzed.
Conventional DEA performs like a " black box " and provides no information about sub-processes. In some cases, such as banks, providing services is made up of interactive and interdependent processes. Also, in real world applications, inputs could be shared among these sub-processes. Moreover, due to the characteristics of some variables, such as number of employees, only integer values could be assigned to them. Hence, to address these shortcomings, in this study, a mixed integer network DEA (MI-NDEA) with shared inputs and undesirable outputs has been proposed to evaluate the efficiency of decision making units. The proposed model considers integer values for some of the input variables. Also, it assumes that some inputs are shared among different stages of the production process. To illustrate the capability of the model, the efficiency of " Internet banking " , " profitability " , " production " and " overall " performance of a set of bank branches have been evaluated and results are discussed. The results indicate that the mean of overall efficiency for all branches is high. However, some branches are not efficient enough in the " Production " stage or " Profitability " stage. To identify the source of inefficiency in such branches, projection values have been calculated and recommendations have been made for policy makers.
Manufacturing is a major source of energy consumption and, therefore, a significant contributor to emissions and greenhouse gases. This paper is concerned with evaluating different scheduling policies in a job shop system where energy-efficient scheduling is incorporated with multiple other scheduling criteria. In the production systems being investigated, the electrical energy is offered on a time-of-use (TOU) pricing regime. The objective of minimizing TOU energy costs conflicts sharply with most other traditional objectives in production scheduling. The aim is to identify best performing scheduling rules for different scenarios based on different shop congestion levels, and devise new rules to enable an improved integration of energy cost with other scheduling criteria. A ranking approach based on data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Ordered Weighting Average (OWA) concepts is presented. The proposed methodology exploits the preference voting system embedded under the cross-efficiency (CE) matrix to derive a collective importance scale for the aggregation process. The approach is applied to 28 dispatching rules (DRs) for scheduling jobs that arrive continuously at random points in time during the production horizon. Computational results highlight the effect of energy costs on the overall ranking of the DRs, and unveil the superiority of certain rules under multi-objective performance criteria.
Uncertainty is an important issue to consider when evaluating entities in both public and private sectors. On the other hand, many operations have more than one stage process when some inputs are fed to the system to produce a number of intermediate measures. The intermediate measures are then transformed into final products in the subsequent stages. The composition method in network data envelopment analysis (NDEA) is a popular method for measuring the efficiency of a two-stage process. The composition method is fractional bi-objective programming that is solved by non-linear programming techniques such as bisection search. In this paper, the two-stage NDEA is extended with negative data and undesirable outputs. First, we propose an alternative linear model based on the goal programming technique to avoid complex non-linear calculations. Then, we use a method to transform negative data into positive and undesirable outputs into desirable ones. Finally, we develop the proposed model using the fuzzy α-cut approach in order to incorporate data uncertainty in the linear goal programming (GP) model. To validate the accuracy of the proposed model, a numerical example is solved. To show the applicability of the proposed model, a real case of 22 insurance companies is examined. We also perform a comparative analysis to specify the benchmark and inefficient companies. Comparative analysis can help managers to recognize where improvement should be investigated with priority.
(2022). Environmental efficiency under weak disposability: An improved super efficiency data envelopment analysis model with application for assessment of ports operations. Environment, Development and Sustainability, https://doi. ABSTRACT Due to ports have rapidly been expanding, air pollution resulted from port operations has expansion and become a persistent concern for environmentalist and policy makers. The objective of this paper is to measure the environmental efficiency of ports in Korea. The main characteristic of the environmental efficiency assessment problem is that undesirable output of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and exogenous fixed input of the terminal area of ports should concurrently be considered. By analysing the impacts of the exogenous fixed input and undesirable outputs on decision making units (DMUs) performance, a super efficiency slacks-based measure in data envelopment analysis (SE-SBM-DEA) approach is proposed. The proposed approach consists of two models are slacks-based measure (SBM) model and super efficiency SBM (SE-SBM) model. The models effectively discriminate between efficient and inefficient ports, and rank their efficiencies. To restrict any decreases or increases in the fixed input levels, the slacks of fixed inputs are removed from the target functions and their relevant constraints of the proposed approach. In addition, the undesirable outputs are formulated according to the weak disposability assumption, so that they can only be reduced with the reduction of certain desirable outputs. Hence, its slack should also be removed from the SBM and SE-SBM models. As a result, the scalar measures of the models only deal with the discretionary inputs and desirable outputs of a DMU being evaluated. We examine the applicability of the proposed approach, using real data, for 19 ports in Korea.
Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a mathematical programming model that calculates the relative efficiency of homogenous Decision Making Units (DMUs). The conventional DEA models used to calculate the efficiency require the exact amount of inputs and outputs; in real business situations, however, it is often impossible to determine the exact numeral value of some inputs and outputs. At the same time the Common Set of Weights (CSW) overcomes the weakness of DEA models for assessment under same conditions. On the other hands, it is important to considering the balance in evaluation and calculation of indicators. This study develops a new model to calculate the CSW in fuzzy environments, considering the balanced environment using the Balanced Scorecard (BSC). Our proposed model is linear for fairly and equitably evaluating the DMUs on the same scale, also enables us to deal with fuzzy environment and greatly reduces the computational complexities for enormous volumes of data in many real applications and treat difficulties in fuzzy DEA models. From a managerial point of view, this paper aims to provide an integrated framework to form a better strategic decision-making process about organization performance, which ultimately leads to the competitive advantages and success of the organization in the long run. Finally, in the field of performance management, the proposed model was applied to evaluate the performances of ten manufacturing enterprises in to confirm the validity and applicability of the proposed approach.
The field of service operations management has a plethora of research opportunities to capitalise on, which are nowadays heightened by the presence of big data. In this research, we review and analyse the current state-of-the-art of the literature on big data for service operations management. To this aim, we use the Scopus database and the VOSviewer visualisation software for bibliometric analysis to highlight developments in research and application. Our analysis reveals patterns in scientific outputs and serves as a guide for global research trends in big data for service operations management. Some exciting directions for the future include research on building big data-driven analytical models which are deployable in the Cloud, as well as more interdisciplinary research that integrates traditional modes of enquiry with for example, behavioural approaches, with a blend of analytical and empirical methods.
In era of reglobalization, sustainably resilient supply chains (SCs) are imperative in corporations to improve performance and meet stockholders' expectations. However, sustainably resilient SCs could not be effective if are not assessed by using advanced frameworks, systems , and models. As such, developing a novel network data envelopment model (DEA) to appraise sustainably resilient SCs is our purpose in this article. To do so, we present a new double-frontier methodology to provide optimistic and pessimistic efficiency measures in network structures. Moreover, ideas of outputs weak disposability, chance-constrained programming , and discrete dominance are incorporated in a unified framework of modelling efficient and inefficient production technologies. The new network DEA model also can address dissimilar types of data, including undesirable and integer-valued and ratio outputs, stochastic intermediate products, and integer-valued inputs in a unified framework. Furthermore , an aggregated Farrell type efficiency measure is developed which allows to provide the complete ranking of units so that each decision-making unit (DMU) has its own rank in both overall and divisional point of view. We show the unique features of our developed model using a real case study in paint industry to evaluate the efficiency and reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The results show that how well the proposed models can evaluate the sustainability and resilience of supply chains in the presence of uncertainty and with dissimilar types of data.
Global warming, climate change, and social problems are the worst human-induced sustainability issues that economies across the globe have witnessed. Water pollution, greenhouse effect, poor working conditions, child labour and lack of coordination among channel partners have caused the considerable interruptions in the supply chain network. The purpose of the paper is to identify critical factors affecting behavioural and sustainable supply chain coordination and evaluate strategies for risk reduction in the supply chain coordination in the context of digitization. This study purposes a novel supply chain coordination framework which consists of four themes such as system, actor, objective and action on which the success or the failure of supply chain can be contingent. Our study integrates multi-criteria decision approach using Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (Fuzzy-AHP) and Fuzzy Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (Fuzzy-DEMATEL) to investigate factors that affected the behavioural and sustainable supply chain coordination in the context of digitization. The Fuzzy-AHP method qualified to hierarchically rank the factors based on the relative fuzzy weightage while Fuzzy-DEMATEL established the interrelationships among the factors and classified them into cause and effect groups. The findings of our study identified the Environmental performance and decarbonization as the most significant factor and the speed to market as the least important factor in developing behavioural and sustainable supply chain coordination in the context of digitization. Our analysis from Fuzzy AHP-DEMATEL approach reveal that the social preferences (power balance, reciprocity, fairness) is a significant causal factor which can effectively abolish the issues plaguing behavioural and sustainable supply chain coordination in the context of digitization. The results from our study aim to facilitate decision makers in cultivating a sustainable supply chain framework that can boost trust among the channel partners environmental performance, social performance and channel efficiency of the supply chain, thereby ensuring sustainability and socio welfare of all the supply chain.
Performance. RAIRO Operations Research, 56 (2): 911-930. https://doi. Abstract Data envelopment analysis (DEA) model has been widely applied for estimating efficiency scores of decision making units (DMUs) and is especially used in many applications in transportation. In this paper, a novel common weight credibility DEA (CWCDEA) model is proposed to evaluate DMUs considering uncertain inputs and outputs. To develop a credibility DEA model, a credibility counterpart constraint is suggested for each constraint of DEA model. Then, the weights generated by the credibility DEA (CDEA) model are considered as ideal solution in a multi-objective DEA model. To solve the multi-objective DEA model, a goal programming model is proposed. The goal programming model minimized deviations from the ideal solutions and found the common weights of inputs and outputs. Using the common weights generated by goal programming model, the final efficiency scores for decision making are calculated. The usefulness and applicability of the proposed approach have been shown using a data set in the airline industry.
Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methods have been widely used in many fields, including operations research, optimization, operations management, industrial engineering, accounting, management, and economics. This chapter starts with an introduction to common DEA-based models in the envelopment and multiplier forms to illustrate the importance of these models. Then, we provide details of the recent theoretical developments including Network DEA, Stochastic DEA, Fuzzy DEA, Bootstrapping, Directional measures, desirable (good) and undesirable (bad) factors, and Directional returns to scale. This is followed by the presentation of some novel applications of DEA to provide direction for future developments in this field. In summary, this chapter aims to discuss some of the latest developments in DEA and provide direction for future research.
This paper evaluates the stock performance of Islamic banks relative to their conventional counterparts during the initial phase of the COVID-19 crisis (from December 31, 2019, to March 31, 2020). Using 426 banks from 48 countries, we find that stock returns of Islamic banks were about 10-13% higher than those of conventional banks after controlling for a host of the bank- and country-level variables. This study explains the Islamic banks' superior crisis stock performance by exploring the potential role of pre-crisis bank efficiency. In a univariate analysis, we document higher non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) efficiency levels for Islamic banks than conventional banks in the year preceding the COVID-19 crisis. Our multivariate regressions show that the risk-adjusted DEA efficiency scores can explain crisis stock returns for Islamic banks but not conventional banks. The evidence is robust to alternative measures of stock returns, efficiency models, and other empirical strategies. Finally, we present insight on the importance of key bank characteristics in determining the stock returns of conventional banks during the crisis period.
Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), provides an empirical estimation of the production frontier, based on an observed sample of decision making units (DMUs). Except for the single input-single output case, the asymptotic distribution of the DEA estimator can only be approximated through bootstrapping approaches. Therefore, bootstrapping techniques have been widely applied in the DEA literature to make statistical inference for the cases when the production process has a single-stage structure. However, in many cases, the transformation of inputs into outputs has an inner structure that needs to be considered. This paper examines the applicability of the subsampling bootstrap procedure in the approximation of the asymptotic distribution of the DEA estimator when the production process has a network structure, and in the presence of undesirable factors. Evidence on the performance of subsampling bootstrap is obtained through Monte Carlo experiments for the case of two-stage series structures, where overall and stage efficiency estimates are calculated using the additive decomposition approach. Results indicate great sensitivity both to the sample and subsample size, as well as to the data generating process. Subsampling methodology is then applied to construct confidence interval estimates for the overall and stage efficiency scores of railways in 22 European countries, where the railway transport process is decomposed into two stages and the railway noise pollution problem is considered as an undesirable output.
Economic crisis and uncertainty in global status quo affect stock markets around the world. This fact imposes improvement in the development of volatility models. However, the comparison among volatility models cannot be made based on a single-error measure as a model can perform better in one-error measure and worst in another. In this paper, we propose a two-stage approach for prioritizing volatility models, where in the first stage we develop a novel slack-based data envelopment analysis to rank volatility models. The robustness of the proposed approach has also been investigated using cluster analysis. In the second-stage analysis, it is investigated whether the efficiency scores depend on model characteristics. These attributes concern the time needed in order to estimate the model, the value of Akaike Information Criterion, the number of models' significant parameters, groups and bias terms, and the error sum of squares (ESS). Further, dummy variables have been introduced to the regression model in order to find whether the employed model includes an in-mean effect, whether the assumed distribution is skewed, and whether the employed model belongs to the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) family. The main findings of this research show that the number of models' statistically significant coefficients, ESS, and in-mean effects tend to increase the efficiency scores, while time elapsed, the number of statistically significant bias terms, and skewed error distributions tend to decrease the efficiency score.
The problem of assessment of Decision Making Units (DMUs) by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) may not be straightforward due to the data uncertainty. Several studies have been developed to incorporate uncertainty into input/output values in the DEA literature. On the other hand, while traditional DEA models focus more on crisp data, there exist many applications in which data is reported in form of intervals. This paper considers the box-uncertainty in data which means that each input/output value is selected from a symmetric box. This specific type of uncertainty has been addressed as Interval DEA approaches. Our proposed model deals with efficiency evaluation of DMUs with imprecise data in a robust optimization. We assume that inputs and outputs are reported in the form of intervals and propose the robust counterpart problem for the envelopment form of the DEA model. Further, we also develop two ranking methods which have more benefits compared to some existing approaches. An illustrative example is provided to show how the proposed approaches work. An application on hospital efficiency in East Virginia is used to show the usefulness of the proposed approaches.
Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is one of the widely used methods to measure the efficiency scores of decision making units (DMUs). Conventional DEA is unable to consider both uncertainty in data and decision makers' (DMs) judgments in the evaluations. This study, to address the shortcomings of the conventional DEA, proposes a new best worst method (BWM)- robust credibility DEA (BWM-RCDEA) model to estimate the efficiency scores of DMUs considering DMs' preferences and uncertain data, simultaneously. First, to handle uncertainty in input and output variables, fuzzy credibility model has been applied. Additionally, uncertainty in constructing fuzzy sets is modeled using robust optimization with fuzzy perturbation degree. In this paper, two new types of RCDEA models are proposed: RCDEA model with exact perturbation in fuzzy inputs and outputs and RCDEA model with fuzzy perturbation in fuzzy inputs and outputs. In addition, to deal with flexibility of weights and incorporating DMs' judgement into the RCDEA model, a bi-objective BWM-RCDEA model is introduced. Finally, the proposed bi-objective model is solved using min-max approach. To illustrate the usefulness and capability of the proposed model, efficiency scores of 39 distribution companies in Iran is investigated and results are analyzed and discussed. Finally, based on the results, recommendations have been made for policy makers.
The airline industry is one of the major industries having a significant role in the economic development of a country, on both domestic and international sides. Hence, it is important to have the airlines performing efficiently, as much as possible. To this end, it seems necessary to continuously evaluate the performance of the airlines to find any possible chance to improve their performance. In this study, by combing the ideas of the Egalitarian Bargaining game theory, Network Data Envelopment Analysis (NDEA), and Slack-Based Measure (SBM), a new game-SBM-NDEA model has been proposed to evaluate the performance of the Decision Making Units (DMUs) with a series network structure. In addition to handling the between-stages conflict in the network structures, the proposed model can provide more reliable efficiency scores when the number of the DMUs is not large enough compared to the number of considered inputs and outputs. The developed model and Malmquist Index have been applied to analyze the performance of Iranian domestic airlines over an 8-years period from 2013 to 2020, as a real-world case study. The obtained results for overall efficiency scores, operational efficiency, service efficiency, slack/surplus values for all inputs and outputs, and efficiency changes over time have been comprehensively analyzed in order to obtain the deficiencies of each airline and find possible solutions to improve their performance.
This paper surveys the increasing use of statistical approaches in non-parametric efficiency studies. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Free Disposable Hull (FDH) are recognized as standard non-parametric methods developed in the field of operations research. Kneip et al. (1998) and Park et al. (2000) develop statistical properties of the variable returns-to-scale (VRS) version of DEA estimators and FDH estimators, respectively. Simar & Wilson (1998) show that conventional bootstrap methods cannot provide valid inference in the context of DEA or FDH estimators and introduce a smoothed bootstrap for use with DEA or FDH efficiency estimators. By doing so, they address the main drawback of non-parametric models as being deterministic and without a statistical interpretation. Since then, many articles have applied this innovative approach to examine efficiency and productivity in various fields while providing confidence interval estimates to gauge uncertainty. Despite this increasing research attention and significant theoretical and methodological developments in its first two decades, a specific and comprehensive bibliometric analysis of bootstrap DEA/FDH literature and subsequent statistical approaches is still missing. This paper thus, aims to provide an extensive overview of the key articles and their impact in the field. Specifically, in addition to some summary statistics such as citations, the most influential academic journals and authorship network analysis, we review the methodological developments as well as the pertinent software applications.
Determining energy productivity change during a time interval is an important issue in many production lines. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach is a well-known technique utilized to measure productivity change and widely used by researchers to analyze the performance of decision making units. In this regard, the modified Enhanced Russell Measure (ERM), a non-radial DEA-based efficiency model, is applied to develop new models for measuring the Malmquist productivity index (MPI). To present productivity changes of decision making units (DMUs) over time more truly and more comprehensively than the conventional MPI method, this paper proposed three new approaches by using optimistic, pessimistic, and general viewpoints of data envelopment analysis. However, in many production processes, undesirable outputs such as smoke or waste pollution may be generated. Thus, this paper has further developed the proposed approaches in the presence of an undesirable output. The proposed methodology is applied to evaluate the productivity changes and efficiencies of chickpea production farms in 16 provinces in Iran.
Sustainable development has gained significant attention in the literature due to the increased global awareness of environmental sustainability during the last decade. Sustainable development has three aspects, including economic, social, and environmental. The challenge of sustainable development is to establish a balance between these three aspects. Assessing the efficiency of a company contributes comprehensive information to improve its overall performance. Despite numerous studies in this field, the literature lacks studies that simultaneously consider all three aspects of sustainable development, especially the social aspect. The main objective of this paper is to calculate the technical, social, and environmental efficiency scores. We also introduce a new efficiency called sustainable efficiency that merges all three sustainable development aspects in one efficiency score. This study applies two existing data envelopment analysis (DEA) models to evaluate technical, social, environmental, and sustainable efficiencies. These models, namely the three-step method and the modified three-step method, are computationally intensive. Also, this paper introduces two new DEA models, namely the common weight goal programming DEA and the common weight DEA, to assess the efficiencies with much fewer computations. Each model produces results that are different from one another. Therefore, the TOPSIS approach is applied to provide an overall result by integrating the results obtained from the four presented models. For this purpose, the implementation of four TOPSIS models is required. To illustrate the capability and validity of the developed models in efficiency calculation, a case of Iranian airlines is presented. The selected airlines are evaluated in different aspects and final results are obtained by applying TOPSIS. The findings show that using TOPSIS to combine the results of several DEA models lead to fully ranking of airlines in four aspects of technical, social, environmental, and sustainable efficiencies. Also, it is recommended to managers to probe pairwise comparison between different efficiencies of airlines in order to find and improve the weak ones.
Allocating a fixed cost among a set of peer decision-making units (DMUs) is one of the most important applications of data envelopment analysis. However, almost all existing studies have addressed the fixed cost allocation (FCA) problem within a traditional framework while ignoring the existence of undesirable outputs. Undesirable outputs are neither scarce in various production activities in real world applications nor trivial in efficiency evaluation and subsequent decision making. Motivated by this observation, this article attempts to explicitly extend the traditional FCA problem to situations in which DMUs are necessarily involved with undesirable outputs. To this end, we first investigate the efficiency evaluation of DMUs considering undesirable outputs based on the joint weak disposability assumption. Then, flexible FCA schemes are considered to revisit the efficiency evaluation process. The results show that feasible allocation schemes exist such that all DMUs can be simultaneously efficient. Furthermore, we define the comprehensive satisfaction degree and develop a satisfaction degree bargaining game approach to determine a unique FCA scheme. Finally, the proposed approach is tested with an empirical study of banking activities based on real conditions.
Background: Paying particular attention to sustainable food consumption in low-income households is essential for increasing human health. Due to the growing population globally, this concept will likely become more serious soon. Methods: Following the importance of optimizing food consumption for sustainability, in this study, a novel methodology is introduced for calculating nutrient intake efficiency and determining choices of food in different locations. The impact of socio-economic factors on nutrition efficiency is assessed. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) as a well-known linear programming (LP) and a Tobit model are used to achieve the goals. Household Consumption and Expenditure Surveys (HCESs) of 30,000 rural and urban Iranian households in all provinces in 2016 are analyzed. A Nutrient Efficiency Map (NEM) of Iran was depicted by GIS software. Results: The results showed that many townships had nutrient efficiency scores of less than 70%. Northeast townships had the lowest scores, with an efficiency score of less than 50%. Overall, townships have lower efficiency in the North (seaside cities), East (desert cities), and North East (isolated cities) when compared with other areas. Conclusion: Therefore, it is suggestible that the government should modify the support policies and the protection packages based on social, geographical, and cultural status.
The Industry 4.0 (I4.0) revolution has led to rapid digital transformation, automation of manufacturing processes and efficient decision-making in business operations. Despite the potential benefits of I4.0 technologies in operations management reported in the extant literature, there has been a paucity of empirical research examining the intention to adopt I4.0 technologies for managing risks. Risk management identifies, assesses, and introduces responses for risks to avert crises. This study combines institutional theory, the resource-based view and the technology acceptance model to develop a novel behavioural model examining the adoption of big data, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and blockchain for risk management from the operations manager's perspective, which has never been examined in the literature. The model was tested for each I4.0 technology using data collected from 117 operations managers in the UK manufacturing industry which were analysed using structural equation modelling. We contribute to the theory on I4.0 in digital manufacturing by showing the impact of digital transformation maturity, market pressure, regulations, and resilience on the perceived usefulness and adoption of these technologies for managing risks in business operations. Based on the findings, we discuss implications for operations managers effectively and efficiently to adopt I4.0 technologies aiming to boost operational productivity.
As risks of all sorts, from economic and financial crises to terrorism acts and pandemics, keep on characterising and affecting all aspects of life globally, at the individual and societal level, national and international organisations, as well as governments, need to be constantly adapting and collaborating through international diplomacy to pursue common goals for people’s well-being. This is where the topic of composite indices comes up. Composite indices are used by national and international organisations, and governments and businesses alike, to monitor different performance aspects of the economy of a country and the people therein; and they have historically been valuable as communication tools and as inputs into decision and policymaking. In this work, we delve into the relevant literature to explore the link between international diplomacy, institutions, and composite indices, with the aim to highlight the usefulness of composite indices in practice. We conclude with final thoughts and recommendations for future research on the topic.
An increasing number of organizations and businesses around the world use cloud computing services to improve their performance in the competitive marketplace. However, one of the biggest challenges in using cloud computing services is performance measurement and the selection of the best cloud service providers (CSPs) based on quality of service (QoS) requirements. To address this shortcoming in this article we propose a network data envelopment analysis (DEA) method in measuring the efficiency of CSPs. When network dimensions are taken into consideration, a more comprehensive analysis is enabled where divisional efficiency is reflected in overall efficiency estimates. This helps managers and decision makers in organizations to make accurate decisions in selecting cloud services. In the current study, the non-oriented network slacks-based measure (SBM) model and conventional SBM model with the assumptions of constant returns to scale (CRS) and variable returns to scale (VRS) are applied to measure the performance of 18 CSPs. The obtained results show the superiority of the network DEA model and they also demonstrate that the proposed model can evaluate and rank CSPs much better than compared to traditional DEA models.
This book aims to provide the necessary background to work with big data blockchain by introducing some novel applications in service operations for both academics and interested practitioners, and to benefit society, industry, academia, and government. Presenting applications in a variety of industries, this book intends to cover theory, research, development, and applications of big data and blockchain, as embedded in the fields of mathematics, engineering, computer science, physics, economics, business, management, and life sciences, to help service operations management.
Two-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) efficiency models identify the efficient frontier of a two-stage production process. In some two-stage processes, the inputs to the first stage are shared by the second stage, known as shared inputs. This paper proposes a new relational linear DEA model for dealing with measuring the efficiency score of two-stage processes with shared inputs under constant returns-to-scale assumption. Two case studies of banking industry and university operations are taken as two examples to illustrate the potential applications of the proposed approach.
One of the main objectives in restructuring power industry is enhancing the efficiency of power facilities. However, power generation industry, which plays a key role in the power industry, has a noticeable share in emission amongst all other emission-generating sectors. In this study, we have developed some new Data Envelopment Analysis models to find efficient power plants based on less fuel consumption, combusting less polluting fuel types, and incorporating emission factors in order to measure the ecological efficiency trend. We then applied these models to measuring eco-efficiency during an eight-year period of power industry restructuring in Iran. Results reveal that there has been a significant improvement in eco-efficiency, cost efficiency and allocative efficiency of the power plants during the restructuring period. It is also shown that despite the hydro power plants look eco-efficient; the combined cycle ones have been more allocative efficient than the other power generation technologies used in Iran.
Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is the most widely used methods for measuring the efficiency and productivity of decision-making units (DMUs). The need for huge computer resources in terms of memory and CPU time in DEA is inevitable for a large-scale data set, especially with negative measures. In recent years, wide ranges of studies have been conducted in the area of artificial neural network and DEA combined methods. In this study, a supervised feed-forward neural network is proposed to evaluate the efficiency and productivity of large-scale data sets with negative values in contrast to the corresponding DEA method. Results indicate that the proposed network has some computational advantages over the corresponding DEA models; therefore, it can be considered as a useful tool for measuring the efficiency of DMUs with (large-scale) negative data.
Almost a decade ago, the data scientist job was named the sexiest job of the 21st century by Harvard Business Review[1]. Today, this assertion still holds. One of the most fascinating aspects is that there is no singlecareer path to becoming a data scientist. Data scientists can emerge from virtually any field, from computer science to linguistics, because data science is simply such a vast domain that builds upon… well… so many other domains.
Additional publications
Books (Authored / Edited):
- Charles V. and A. Emrouznejad (2022). Modern Indices for International Economic Diplomacy. In the series of “International Political Economy Series”, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 9783030845346 (doi).
- Emrouznejad, A. and V. Charles (2022). Big Data and Blockchain for Service Operations Management. In the series of “Studies in Big Data”, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-030-87304-2 (doi).
- Gandomi, A.H., A. Emrouznejad, Mo M. Jamshidi, K. Deb, and I. Rahimi (2020). Evolutionary Computation in Scheduling, Wiley Publisher, (download).
- Emrouznejad, A. and V. Charles (2018). Big Data for the Greater Good. In the series of “Studies in Big Data”, Springer-Verlag, ISBN: 978-3-319-93060-2 (download).
- Emrouznejad, A. and W. Ho (2017). Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process, CRC Press: Taylor & Francis, ISBN: 978-1498-73246-8 (download).
- Emrouznejad, A. (2016). Big Data Optimization: Recent Developments and Challenges. In the series of “Studies in Big Data”, Springer-Verlag, ISBN: 978-3-319-30263-8 (download).
- Osman, I. H., A. L. Anouze and A. Emrouznejad (2015). Handbook of Research on Strategic Performance Management and Measurement Using Data Envelopment Analysis. IGI Global, USA, ISBN: 978-1-4666-4474-8. (doi) (download).
- Emrouznejad, A. and E. Cabanda (2014). Managing Service Productivity: Uses of Frontier Efficiency Methodologies and MCDM for Improving Service Performance. In the series of “International Series in Operations Research & Management Science”, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-662-43436-9 (download). (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. and M. Tavana (2014). Performance Measurement with Fuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis. In the series of “Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing”, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-642-41371-1 (download). (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. and W. Ho (2012). Applied Operations Research with SAS, pp284, Hardback, CRC Press: Taylor & Francis Ltd, ISBN: 9781439841303, http://www.SAS-OR.com & (download). (doi). (For book review report CLICK HERE ).
- Emrouznejad, A. and E. Thanassoulis (2011). Performance Improvement Management Software: PIM-DEAsoft-V3.0 User Guide, ISBN: 978-1-85449-412-2.(doi)(download)
- Emrouznejad, A. and E. Thanassoulis (1996). Warwick Windows DEA Software: WDEA-V1.02 User Guide, ISBN: 0-902610-63-5.(doi)(download).
Guest Editor of Special Issue of Journals:
- Emrouznejad, A. (2021). Guest Editor of special issue of Annals of Operations Research in Blockchain in Operations and Supply Chain Management . (Under Preparation)
- Emrouznejad, A. (2020). Guest Editor of special issue of SEPS in “Indices for the Betterment of the Public ”. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 70: 100767, Springer Publisher. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. (2019). Guest Editor of special issue of EJOR in “Advances in Data Envelopment Analysis: Celebrating the 40th anniversary of DEA and the 100th anniversary of Professor Abraham Charnes’ birthday", European Journal of Operational Research 278 (2): 365-367. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. (2018). Guest Editor of special issue of SEPS in “Data Envelopment Analysis in the Public Sector”. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences. 61 (1). Springer Publisher. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. (2018). Guest Editor of virtual issue of IMAMAN in “Virtual Issue: Data Envelopment Analysis and its Applications”. IMA Journal of Management Mathematics, 2018. Oxford University Press. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. (2018). Guest Editor of special issue of CEREM in “Applications of Data Envelopment Analysis in Developing Countries”. Central European Review of Economics and Management 2 (1). ISSN 2543-9472; eISSN 2544-0365. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. (2018). Guest Editor of special issue of CEJOR in “Performance and Efficiency Evaluation: Recent Developments and Applications”. Central European Journal of Operations Research 26 (4). (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. (2017). Guest Editor of special issue of CEREM in “Uses of Frontier Efficiency Methodologies in Developing Countries”. Central European Review of Economics and Management, 1 (4). ISSN 2543-9472; eISSN 2544-0365. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. (2014). Guest Editor of special issue of SEPS in “Data Envelopment Analysis in the Public Sector”. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences. 48 (1), Springer Publisher. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. (2014). Guest Editor of special issue of ANOR in “Advances in Data Envelopment Analysis”. Annals of Operations Research. 214 (1). Springer Publisher. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. (2011). Guest Editor of special issue of JOMS in “Performance Measurement in the Health sector; Uses of Frontier Efficiency Methodologies and Multi-Criteria Decision Making”. Journal of Medical Systems. 35 (5), Springer Publisher. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. (2011). Guest Editor of special issue of IMAMAN in “Efficiency and productivity: Data Envelopment Analysis”. IMA Journal of Management Mathematics, 22(4). Oxford University Press. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. (2010). Guest Editor of special issue of IJESM in “Uses of Frontier Efficiency Methodologies and Multi-criteria Decision Making for Performance Measurement in the Energy Sector”. International Journal of Energy Sector Management, 4(3). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. (2010). Guest Editor of special issue of Annals of Operations Research in Efficiency and Productivity: Theory and Applications, 173(1). Springer Publisher. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. (2009). Guest Editor of special issue of JORS in “Data Envelopment Analysis: Theory and Applications”. Journal of Operational Research Society. 60(11). Palgrave Macmillan Publisher. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. (2005). Guest Editor of part special issue of JORS in “Data Envelopment Analysis”. Journal of Operational Research Society. 56(12). Palgrave Macmillan Publisher. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. (2004). Guest Editor of special issue of JORS in “Data Envelopment Analysis”. Journal of Operational Research Society. 55(10). Palgrave Macmillan Publisher. (doi)
Edited Book of Conference Proceedings:
- Emrouznejad, A. (2021) Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computer Science and Application Engineering, CSAE2021, October 2021, Sanya, China, 978-1-4503-8985-3. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. (2020) Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Computer Science and Application Engineering, CSAE2020, October 2020, Sanya, China, 978-1-4503-7772-0. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. (2019) Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Computer Science and Application Engineering, CSAE2019, October 2019, Sanya, China, 978-1-4503-6294-8. (doi)
- Nunes B., A. Emrouznejad, D. Bennett, L. Pretorius (2018) Towards Sustainable Technologies and Innovation, Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference of the International Association for Management of Technology, Aston University, ISBN 978 1 85449 453 5. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A., E. Thanassoulis (2018), Data Envelopment Analysis and Performance Measurement: Recent Developments: Proceedings of the DEA40: International Conference of DEA, April 2018, Aston University, UK, ISBN: 978 1 85449 438 2. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. (2018) Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Computer Science and Application Engineering, CSAE2018, October 2018, Hohhot, China, 978-1-4503-6512-3. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A., J. Jablonský, R. Banker and M. Toloo (2017), Recent Applications of Data Envelopment Analysis: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference of DEA, June 2017, University of Economics, Prague, Czech Republic, ISBN: 978 1 85449 433 7. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A., Banker R., S. C. Ray and L. Chen (2016), Recent Applications of Data Envelopment Analysis: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference of DEA, May 2016, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China, ISBN: 978 1 85449 413 9. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A., R. Banker, H. Ahn and M. Afsharian (2015), Data Envelopment Analysis and its Applications: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference of DEA, August 2015, Braunschweig, Germany, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4082.9202/2, ISBN: 978 1 85449 497 9. (doi)
- Banker R., A. Emrouznejad, F. Vargas and P. Flores (2014), Sustainable Development and Performance Measurement, Proceedings of the International DEA Workshop, September 17-19, 2014, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico, ISBN: 978 1 85449 482 5. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A., R. Banker, S. Munisamy, B. Arabi (2014), Theory and Applications of Data Envelopment Analysis, Proceedings of the 12th International Conference of DEA, April 2014, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, ISBN: 978 1 85449 487 0. (doi)
- Banker R., A. Emrouznejad, H. Bal, I. Alp, M. Ali Cengiz (2013), Data Envelopment Analysis and Performance Measurement, Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of DEA, June 2013, Samsun, Turkey, ISBN: 978 1 85449 477 1 (doi)
- Banker, R., A. Emrouznejad, A.L.M. Lopes and M.R. de Almeida (2012). Data Envelopment Analysis: Theory and Applications, Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on DEA, Natal, Brazil, 340pp, ISBN: 978 185449 437 5. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A., I. H. Osman and A. L. Anouze (2010). Performance Management and Measurement with Data Envelopment Analysis, Proceedings of the DEA2010 Conference, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, 258pp, ISBN: 978 1 85449 481 8. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. and V. Podinovski (2004). Data Envelopment Analysis and Performance Management, Proceedings of the DEA2004 Conference, Aston Business School, Birmingham, UK. Warwick University Publisher, 421pp, ISBN: 0 902683 73 X. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A., R. Green and V. Krivonozhko (2002). Efficiency and Productivity Analysis in the 21st Century, Proceedings of the DEA2002 Conference, Moscow, Russia. International Research Institute of Management Science (IRIMS); ISBN: 5-93467-007-7. (doi)
Papers in Journals:
- Li, F., Y. Wang, A. Emrouznejad, and Q. Zhu and G. Kou (2022). Allocating a fixed cost across decision-making units with undesirable outputs: A bargaining game approach. Journal of the Operational Research Society, Accepted. (doi)
- Taghavi, A., R. Ghanbari, Kh. Ghorbani-Moghadam, A. Davoodi and A. Emrouznejad (2022) A Genetic Algorithm for Solving Bus Terminal Location Problem Using Data Envelopment Analysis with Multi-objective Programming. Annals of Operations Research, Accepted. (doi)
- Omrani, H., A. Alizadeh, A. Emrouznejad and T. Teplova (2022) Data Envelopment Analysis Model with Decision Makers’ Preferences: A Robust Credibility Approach. Annals of Operations Research, Accepted. (doi)
- Zhu, C., N. Zhu, and, A. Emrouznejad (2022) A combined machine learning algorithms and DEA method for measuring and predicting the efficiency of Chinese manufacturing listed companies, Journal of Management Science and Engineering, Accepted. (doi)
- Petridis, K., NE. Petridis, A. Emrouznejad and F. B. Abdelaziz (2022). Prioritizing of volatility models: a computational analysis using Data Envelopment Analysis. International Transactions in Operational Research Accepted. (doi)
- Mahmoudi, R., S. N. Shetab Boushehri and A. Emrouznejad (2022) Sustainability in the evaluation of bus rapid transportation projects considering both managers and passengers perspectives: a triple-level efficiency evaluation approach, International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, Accepted. (doi)
- Peykani, P., A. Emrouznejad, E. Mohammadi, J. Gheidar-Kheljani (2022) A Novel Robust Network Data Envelopment Analysis Approach for Performance Assessment of Mutual Funds under Uncertainty. Annals of Operations Research, Accepted. (doi)
- Mirzaei, A., M. Saad, and A. Emrouznejad (2022) Bank stock performance during the COVID-19 crisis: Does efficiency explain why Islamic banks fared relatively better?. Annals of Operations Research, Accepted. (doi)
- Rodriguez-Espindola, O., S. Chowdhury, P. K. Dey, P. Albores, and A. Emrouznejad (2022) Analysis of the adoption of emergent technologies for risk management in the era of digital manufacturing , Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 178, 121562. (doi)
- Omrani, H. A. Alizadeh, A. Emrouznejad, T. Teplova(2022) A Robust Credibility DEA Model with Fuzzy Perturbation Degree: An Application to Hospitals Performance, Expert Systems with Applications, 189: 116021. (doi)
- Dehnokhalajia, A., S. Khezri and A. Emrouznejad (2022) A Box-Uncertainty in DEA: A Robust Performance Measurement Framework, Expert Systems with Applications, 187: 115855. (doi)
- Michali, M., A. Emrouznejad A. Dehnokhalaji, and B. Clegg (2021) Noise-pollution efficiency analysis of European railways: A Network DEA model, Transportation Research Part D, 98: 102980. (doi)
- Omrani, H., M. Valipour, and A. Emrouznejad (2021) A novel Best Worst Method Robust Data Envelopment Analysis: Incorporating Decision Makers’ preferences in an uncertain environment, Operations Research Perspectives, 8: 100184. (doi)
- Moradi S, H. Omrani, and A. Emrouznejad (2021) Global optimization for a developed price discrimination model: A signomial geometric programming based approach, Journal of the Operational Research Society, 72 (3): 612-627. (doi)
- Kazemi, S., R. K. Mavi, A. Emrouznejad, N. K. Mavi (2021) Fuzzy Clustering of Homogeneous Decision Making Units with Common Weights in Data Envelopment Analysis, Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 40 (1): 813-832 (doi)
- Gholami, R., R. Nishant and A. Emrouznejad, (2021) Modeling Residential Energy Consumption - An Application of IT-Based Solutions and Big Data Analytics for Sustainability, Journal of Global Information Management, 29 (2): 166-193. (doi)
- Khoshroo, A. , M. Izadikhah, A. Emrouznejad (2021) Energy efficiency and congestion considering Data Envelopment Analysis and Bounded Adjusted Measure: A case of tomato production 328: 129639. (doi)
- Zhi W., H. Liao and A. Emrouznejad (2021) Information representation of blockchain technology: Risk evaluation of investment by personalized quantifier with cubic spline interpolation, Information Processing & Management, 58 (4): 102571. (doi)
- Izadikhah, M., R. Roostaee, and A. Emrouznejad (2021) Fuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis with Ordinal and Interval Data, International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems, 29 (3): 385–409 (doi)
- Shi, X., A. Emrouznejad and W. Yu (2021) Overall efficiency of operational process with undesirable outputs containing both series and parallel processes: A SBM network DEA model, Expert Systems with Applications, 178(15): 115062. (doi)
- Peykani, P., E. Mohammadi, and A. Emrouznejad (2021) An Adjustable Fuzzy Chance-Constrained Network DEA Approach with Application to Ranking Investment Firms, Expert Systems with Applications, 166 (15): 1-20. (doi)
- Chu, J., C. Shao, A. Emrouznejad, J. Wu, Z. Yuan (2021). Performance evaluation of organizations considering economic incentives for emission reduction: A carbon emission permit trading approach, Energy Economics, 101: 105398. (doi)
- Hosseini, E., K. Z. Ghafoor, A. Emrouznejad, A. S. Sadiq, and D. B. Rawat (2021) Novel Metaheuristic Based on Multiverse Theory for Optimization Problems in Emerging Systems, Applied Intelligence, 51: 3275–3292. (doi)
- Yong, T., P. Wanke, J. Antunes and A. Emrouznejad (2021). Unveiling Endogeneity Between Competition and Efficiency in Chinese Banks: A two-stage Network DEA and regression analysis. Annals of Operations Research, 306: pages131–171. (doi)
- Kaviani, M. A., A. K. Yazdi, A. Emrouznejad, H. Sahebi (2020). A Binary Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Ship Routing and Scheduling of Liquefied Natural Gas Transportation. Transportation Letters, 12 (4): 223-232. (doi)
- Mahmoudi, R., A. Emrouznejad, S. N. Shetab-Boushehri, S. R. Hejazi (2020) The origins, development and future directions of Data Envelopment Analysis approach in transportation systems, Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 69: 100762. (doi)
- Charles, V., A. Emrouznejad and M. P. Johnson (2020) Indices for the Betterment of the Public, Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 70: 100767. (doi).
- Shiraz, R.K., Hatami-Marbini, A., Emrouznejad, H. Fukuyama (2020) Chance-constrained cost efficiency in data envelopment analysis model with random inputs and outputs, Operational Research- An an international Journal, 20: 1863–1898. (doi)
- Li, Y., X. Shi, A. Emrouznejad and L. Liang (2020) Ranking intervals for two-stage production systems, Journal of the Operational Research Society, 71 (2): 209-224. (doi)
- Li, F., A. Emrouznejad, G. Yang, Y. Li (2020) Carbon emission abatement quota allocation in Chinese manufacturing industries: An integrated cooperative game data envelopment analysis approach, Journal of the Operational Research Society, 71 (8): 1259-1288 (doi)
- Gholami, R., A. Emrouznejad, Y. Alnsour, H. B. Kartal, J. Veselova (2020) The Impact of Smart Meter Installation on Attitude Change towards Energy Consumption Behavior among Northern Ireland Households, Journal of Global Information Management, 28 (4): 21-37. (doi)
- Rahimi I., A. Emrouznejad, S.H. Tang, A. Ahmadi (2020) The trade-off in facility location and facility efficiency in supply chain network: A DEA approach, International Journal of Industrial and Systems Engineering, 36 (4): 471-495. (doi)
- Safdar, K., A. Emrouznejad, P. Dey (2020) An Optimized Queue Management System to Improve Patient Flow in the Absence of Appointment System, International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance , 33 (7/8): 477-494 (doi).
- Hosseini, E., K. Ghafoor, A. Sadiq, M. Guizani and A. Emrouznejad (2020), COVID-19 Optimizer Algorithm, Modeling and Controlling of Coronavirus Distribution Process, IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 24 (10): 2765-2775 . (doi)
- Azadi M., A. Emrouznejad, F. Ramezani, F. K. Hussain (2020) Efficiency measurement of cloud service providers using network data envelopment analysis, IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing, 8: 180054-180066. (doi).
- Shi, X. and A. Emrouznejad, M. Jin and F. Yang (2020) A New Parallel Fuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis Model for Parallel Systems with Two Components based on Stackelberg Game Theory, Fuzzy Optimization and Decision Making, 19: 311–332. (doi)
- An, Q., P. Wang, A. Emrouznejad, and J. (2020). Fixed cost allocation based on the principle of efficiency invariance in two-stage systems, European Journal of Operational Research 283 (2): 662-675. (doi)
- Digkas, G., K. Petridis, A. Chatzigeorgiou, E. Stiakakis, A. Emrouznejad (2020) Measuring Spatio-Temporal Efficiency: An R Implementation for Time-Evolving Units, Computational Economics, 56: 843–864. (doi)
- Xie, Q., L. Zhang, H. Shang, A. Emrouznejad and Y. Li (2021) Evaluating Performance of Super-Efficiency Models in Ranking Efficient Decision-Making Units based on Monte Carlo Simulations, Annals of Operations Research, 305: 273–323 (doi)
- Mahmoudi, R, S. N. Shetab-Boushehri, S. R. Hejazi, A. Emrouznejad, P. Rajabi (2019) A hybrid egalitarian bargaining game-DEA and sustainable network design approach for evaluating, selecting and scheduling urban road construction projects, Transportation Research Part E, 130:161-183. (doi)
- Omrani, H., M. Valipour and A. Emrouznejad (2019) Using Weighted Goal Programming Model for Planning Regional Sustainable Development to Optimal Workforce Allocation: An Application for Provinces of Iran, Social Indicators Research, 141 (3): 1007–1035 (doi).
- Mahmoudi, R., S. N. Shetab-Boushehri, S. R. Hejazi, and A. Emrouznejad (2019) Determining the relative importance of sustainability evaluation criteria of urban transportation network, Sustainable Cities and Society, 47: 1-12. (doi)
- Omrani, H., S. Mohammadi, A. Emrouznejad (2019). A bi-level multi-objective data envelopment analysis model for estimating profit and operational efficiency of bank branches. RAIRO Operations Research, 53 (5): 1633-1648. (doi)
- Mahmoudi R., A. Emrouznejad and M. Rasti-Barzoki (2019) A Bargaining Game model for performance assessment in network DEA considering sub-networks: A real case study in Banking, Neural Computing and Applications, 31: 6429–6447. (doi)
- Emrouznejad A., G. L. Yang and G. R. Amin (2019) A novel inverse DEA model with application to allocate the CO2 emissions quota to different regions in Chinese manufacturing industries, Journal of the Operational Research Society, 70 (7): 1079-1090. (doi)
- Mahmoudi, R., A. Emrouznejad, H. Khosroshahi, M. Khashei, and P. Rajabi (2019), Performance evaluation of thermal power plants considering CO2 emission: A multistage PCA, Clustering, Game theory and Data Envelopment Analysis, Journal of Cleaner Production, 223 (20): 641-650. (doi)
- Mahmoudabadi, M. Z., A. Emrouznejad (2019) Comprehensive Performance Evaluation of Banking Branches: A Three-Stage Slacks-Based Measure (SBM) Data Envelopment Analysis, International Review of Economics and Finance, 64, 359–376. (doi)
- Wanke, P., Md. A. K. Azad, A. Emrouznejad, and J. Antunes (2019). A Dynamic Network DEA Model for Accounting and Financial Indicators: A Case of Efficiency in MENA Banking. International Review of Economics & Finance, 61: 52-68. (doi)
- An, Q., Z. Wang, A. Emrouznejad Q. Zhu and X. Chen (2019). Efficiency evaluation of parallel interdependent processes systems: an application to Chinese 985 Project universities, International Journal of Production Research, 57(17): 5387-5399. (doi)
- Yang G. L. and A. Emrouznejad (2019) Modelling efficient and anti-efficient frontiers in DEA without explicit inputs, International Journal of Operational Research, 35 (4,): 505 - 528. (doi)
- Peykani, P., E. Mohammadi, A. Emrouznejad, M. S. Pishvaee, M. Rostamy-Malkhalifeh (2019). Fuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis: An Adjustable Approach, Expert Systems with Applications, 136: 439-452. (doi)
- Júnior, F.D.M., A. Emrouznejad , K.L. Dias, P.R.F. Cunha, J.L. de Castro e Silva (2019). Optimising virtual networks over time by using Windows Multiplicative DEA model, Expert Systems with Applications, 132: 209-225. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A., R. Banker, L. Neralić (2019). Advances in Data Envelopment Analysis: Celebrating the 40th anniversary of DEA and the 100th anniversary of Professor Abraham Charnes’ birthday, European Journal of Operational Research 278 (2): 365-367. (doi)
- Li Y., F.Li, A. Emrouznejad, L. Liang, Q. Xie (2019) Allocating the Fixed Cost: An Approach based on Data Envelopment Analysis and Cooperative Game, Annals of Operations Research, 274 (1–2): 373–394 (doi)
- Heinz Ahn, Mohsen Afsharian, A. Emrouznejad, Rajiv Banker (2018). Recent developments on the use of DEA in the Public. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences. 61 (1), 1-2. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A., G. L. Yang (2018) A survey and analysis of the first 40 years of scholarly literature in DEA: 1978-2016, Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 61 (1): 4-8. (doi) (supplement)
- Wanke P., C. P. Barros, A. Emrouznejad (2018) A Comparison between Stochastic DEA and Fuzzy DEA approaches: Revisiting Efficiency in Angolan Banks, RAIRO-Operations Research, 25(1): 285 - 303. (doi)
- Liang, L. F. Li, Y. Li, Emrouznejad A. (2018) An alternative approach to decompose the potential gains from mergers, Journal of the Operational Research Society, 69(11):1793–1802. (doi)
- Li, Y., Shi, X., Emrouznejad, A., & Liang, L. (2018). Environmental performance evaluation of Chinese industrial systems: a network SBM approach, Journal of the Operational Research Society, 69 (6): 825-839. (doi)
- Vafaee Najar, A., A. Pooya, A. Alizadeh Zoeram, A. Emrouznejad (2018), Assessing the Relative Performance of Nurses Using Data Envelopment Analysis Matrix (DEAM), Journal of Medical Systems. 42 (125). (doi)
- Jin, M., X. Shi, A. Emrouznejad, F. Yang (2018), Determining the optimal carbon tax rate based on data envelopment analysis, Journal of Cleaner Production. 172: 900-908. (doi)
- Khoshroo, A., M. Izadikhah, A. Emrouznejad (2018) Improving energy efficiency considering reduction of CO2 emission of turnip production: A novel data envelopment analysis model with undesirable output approach, Journal of Cleaner Production, 187 (20): 605-615. (doi)
- Khoshroo, A., A. Emrouznejad, A. Ghaffarizadeh, M. Kasraei and M. Omid (2018) Sensitivity analysis of energy inputs in crop production using artificial neural networks, Journal of Cleaner Production, 197 (1): 992-998. (doi)
- Omrani, H., A. Alizadeh and A. Emrouznejad (2018) Finding the optimal combination of power plants alternatives: a multi response Taguchi-neural network using TOPSIS and fuzzy best-worst method, Journal of Cleaner Production, (203): 210-223. (doi)
- Wanke P., A. K. Azad, A. Emrouznejad (2018), Efficiency in BRICS banking under data vagueness: A two-stage fuzzy approach, Global Finance Journal, 35: 58-71. (doi)
- Omrani, H., K. Shafaat, A. Emrouznejad (2018). An Integrated Fuzzy Clustering Cooperative Game Data Envelopment Analysis Model with application in Hospital Efficiency, Expert Systems with Applications, 114: 615-628. (doi)
- Mahmoudabadi, M. Z., A. Azar, A. Emrouznejad (2018), A novel multilevel network slacks-based measure with an application in electric utility companies, Energy, 158: 1120-1129. (doi)
- Vargas, F. and A. Emrouznejad (2018) Applications of Data Envelopment Analysis in developing countries. Central European Review of Economics and Management 2(1): 7-11. (doi)
- Jablonský, J., A. Emrouznejad and M. Toloo (2018) Editorial on Performance and Efficiency Evaluation: Recent Developments and Applications. Central European Journal of Operations Research 26 (4): 1-4. (doi)
- Shi X., Y. Li, A. Emrouznejad, J. Xie, L. Liang (2017) Estimation of potential gains from bank mergers: A novel two-stage cost efficiency DEA model, Journal of Operations Research Society, 68 (9): 1045-1055.(doi)
- Zhu N., Yi Liu, A. Emrouznejad, Q. Huang (2017), An allocation Malmquist index with an application in the China securities industry, Operational Research-An International Journal, 17(2): 669-691. (doi)
- Amin, G. R. and A. Emrouznejad and S. Gattoufi (2017) Modelling generalized firms’ restructuring using inverse DEA, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 48 (1): 51–61. (doi)
- Zerafat Angiz M. L, M. K. M. Nawawi, R. Khalid, A. Mustafa, A. Emrouznejad, R. John, G. Kendall (2017) Evaluating decision making units under uncertainty using fuzzy multi-objective nonlinear programming, Information Systems and Operational Research 55(1): 1-15. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. and M. Marra (2017): The state of the art development of AHP (1979–2017): a literature review with a social network analysis, International Journal of Production Research 55 (22): 6653–6675. (doi)
- Widiarto, I. and A. Emrouznejad and L. Anastasakis (2017) Observing Choice of Loan Methods in Not-for-Profit Microfinance using Data Envelopment Analysis, Expert Systems with Applications, 82 (1): 278-290. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. and F. Vargas (2017) Performance measurement in developing countries. Central European Review of Economics and Management 1(4): 4-7. (doi)
- Toloo M., A. Emrouznejad and P. Moreno (2017) A linear relational DEA model to evaluate two-stage processes with shared inputs, Computational and Applied Mathematics, 36(1): 45–61. (doi)
- Amin, G. R. and A. Emrouznejad and S. Gattoufi (2017) Minor and major consolidations in inverse DEA: definition and determination, Computers and Industrial Engineering 103: 193-200. (doi)
- Petridis K., P. K. Dey, A. Emrouznejad (2017) A Branch and Efficiency algorithm for the optimal design of supply chain networks, Annals of Operations Research, 253 (1): 545-571. (doi)
- Arabi, B., S. M. Munisamy, A. Emrouznejad and A. Khoshroo (2017) Eco-Efficiency Measurement and Material Balance Principle: an Application in Power Plants Malmquist Luenberger Index, Annals of Operations Research, 255 (1-2): 221–239. (doi)
- Pournader, M., A. Kach, S.H. Razavi Hajiagha and A. Emrouznejad (2017), Investigating the Impact of Behavioral Factors on Supply Network Efficiency: Insights from Banking’s Corporate Bond Networks, Annals of Operations Research, 254 (1–2): 277–302. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A., B. Rostami-Tabar, K. Petridis (2016) A novel ranking procedure for forecasting approaches using Data Envelopment Analysis, Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 111: 235–243. (doi)
- Safdar, K. J., A. Emrouznejad, P. K. Dey (2016). Assessing the Queuing Process Using Data Envelopment Analysis: An Application in Health Centres. Journal of Medical Systems 40(1): 32-45. (doi)
- Azar A., M. Z. Mahmoudabadi, A. Emrouznejad (2016), A new fuzzy additive model for determining the common set of weights in Data Envelopment Analysis, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, 30(1): 61-69. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A., G. L. Yang (2016) CO2 emissions reduction of Chinese light manufacturing industries: A novel RAM-based global Malmquist–Luenberger productivity index, Energy Policy 96: 397–410. (doi)
- Arabi B., S. Munisamy, A. Emrouznejad, M. Toloo, M. S. Ghazizadeh (2016) Eco-Efficiency considering the issue of Heterogeneity among Power Plants, Energy 111 (15): 722–735. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A., G. L. Yang (2016) A framework for measuring global Malmquist–Luenberger productivity index with CO2 emissions on Chinese manufacturing industries, Energy 115 (1): 840-856. (doi)
- Zervopoulos, P.D., T.S. Brisimi, A. Emrouznejad, G. Cheng (2016) “Performance measurement with multiple interrelated variables and threshold target levels: Evidence from retail firms in the US”, European Journal of Operational Research, 250 (1): 262–272. (doi)
- Ignatius, J., M. Ghasemi, F. Zhang, A. Emrouznejad, A. Hatami-Marbini (2016) “Carbon Efficiency Evaluation: An Analytical Framework Using Fuzzy DEA”, European Journal of Operational Research 253(2): 428–440. (doi)
- Wanke, P. F., C. Barros, A. Emrouznejad (2016) “Assessing Productive Efficiency of Banks Using integrated Fuzzy-DEA and bootstrapping: A Case of Mozambican Banks”, European Journal of Operational Research, 249 (1): 378–389. (doi)
- Widiarto, I. and A. Emrouznejad (2015) Social and Financial Efficiency of Islamic Microfinance Institutions: A Data Envelopment Analysis Application, Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 50:1-17. (doi)
- Arabi, B., S. Munisamy and A. Emrouznejad (2015), A new Slacks-Based Measure of Malmquist-Luenberger Index in the Presence of Undesirable Outputs, OMEGA, 51:29-37. (doi)
- Ghasemi M.R, J. Ignatius, S. Lozano, A. Emrouznejad, A. Hatamimarbini (2015) A fuzzy expected value approach under generalized data envelopment analysis, Knowledge-Based Systems, 89: 148–159. (doi).
- Toloo M., A Zandi and A. Emrouznejad (2015) Evaluation efficiency of large-scale data set with negative data: an artificial neural network approach, Journal of Supercomputing, 71(7): 2397-2411. (doi)
- Marra M., A. Emrouznejad W. Ho and J.S. Edwards (2015), The value of indirect ties in citation networks: SNA analysis with OWA operator weights, Information Sciences, 314: 135–151. (doi)
- Gholami R., D. A. Higón, A. Emrouznejad (2015), Hospital Performance: Efficiency or Quality? Can we have both with IT? Expert Systems with Applications, 42(12): 5390–5400. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. R. Banker, A.L.M Lopes, M. R. de Almeida (2014) Data Envelopment Analysis in the Public Sector. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 48 (1): 2-3. (doi)
- Matin, R. K., G.R. Amin and A. Emrouznejad (2014), A Modified Semi-Oriented Radial Measure for target setting with negative data, Measurement 54: 152–158. (doi)
- Hanen H., A. Emrouznejad, O. M. Nejib (2014), Technical efficiency determinants within a Dual Banking System: a DEA-bootstrap approach, International Journal of Applied Decision Sciences 7 (4): 382 – 404. (doi)
- Gattoufi S., G. R. Amin, A. Emrouznejad (2014). A new inverse DEA method for merging banks. IMA Journal of Management Mathematics, 25: 73–87. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. and Marianna Marra (2014), Ordered Weighted Averaging Operators 1988–2014: A citation-based literature survey, International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 29:994-1014. (doi)
- Hanafizadeh P., H. R. Khedmatgozar, A. Emrouznejad, M. Derakhshan (2014), Neural Network DEA for Measuring the Efficiency of Mutual Funds, International Journal of Applied Decision Sciences, 7 (3): 255-269. (doi)
- Arabi, B., S. Munisamy, A. Emrouznejad and F. Shadman (2014), Power Industry Restructuring and Eco-Efficiency Changes: A New Slacks-Based Model in Malmquist-Luenberger Index Measurement, Energy Policy, 68: 132–145. (doi)
- Ghasemi, M. R., J. Ignatius; A. Emrouznejad (2014) A bi-objective weighted model for improving the discrimination power in MCDEA, European Journal of Operational Research, 233 (3): 640–650. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. (2014) Advances in Data Envelopment Analysis, Annals of Operations Research, 214 (1): 1-4. (doi)
- Bahari A., A. Emrouznejad (2014) Influential DMUs and outlier detection in Data Envelopment Analysis with an Application to Health Care, Annals of Operations Research, 223 (1):95-108. (doi)
- Hatami-Marbini, A., A. Emrouznejad, P. J. Agrell (2014) Interval data without sign restrictions in DEA, Applied Mathematical Modelling, 38: 2028–2036. (doi)
- Mulwa, R. and A. Emrouznejad (2013) Measuring Productive Efficiency Using Nerlovian Profit Efficiency Indicator and Meta-Frontier Analysis. Operations Research: International Journal, 13 (2): 271–287. (doi)
- Amirteimoori, A. L. Khoshandam and A. Emrouznejad (2013). Classifying flexible measures in data envelopment analysis: A slack-based measure. Measurement, 46 (10): 4100-4107. (doi)
- Hatami-Marbini, A., P. J. Agrell, M. Tavana and A. Emrouznejad (2013) A Stepwise Fuzzy Linear Programming Model with Possibility and Necessity Relation, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, 25: 81–93. (doi)
- Amin, G. R., A. Emrouznejad (2013). A new DEA model for technology selection in the presence of ordinal data. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 65: 1567-1572. (doi)
- Zerafat Angiz L., M., A. Emrouznejad, Adli Mustafa and Joshua Ignatius (2013). Type-2 TOPSIS: A group decision problem when ideal values are not extreme endpoints. Group Decision and Negotiation, 22 (5): 851-867. (doi)
- Khoshroo, A., R. Mulwa, A. Emrouznejad and B. Arabi (2013), A Non-Parametric Data Envelopment Analysis Approach for Improving Energy Efficiency of Grape Production, Energy, 63 (15): 189–194. (doi)
- Amin, G. R., A. Emrouznejad, H. Sadeghi (2012). Metasearch information fusion using linear programming. RAIRO Operations Research, 46 (04): 289-303. (doi).
- Emrouznejad, A., M. Zerafat Angiz L. and W. Ho (2012). An alternative formulation for the fuzzy assignment problem. Journal of the Operational Research Society 63(1): 59–63. (doi)
- Hatami-Marbini, A., M. Tavana, A. Emrouznejad and S. Saati (2012). Efficiency measurement in fuzzy additive Data Envelopment Analysis. International Journal of Industrial and Systems Engineering 10(1): 1-20. (doi)
- Hatami-Marbini, A., M. Tavana, M. and A. Emrouznejad (2012). Productivity Growth and Efficiency Measurements in Fuzzy Environments with an Application to Health Care. International Journal of Fuzzy System Applications 2(2): 1-35. (doi)
- Mulwa, R., A. Emrouznejad and E.A. Nuppenau (2012). An overview of Total Factor Productivity estimations adjusted for pollutant outputs: an application to sugarcane farming. International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management, 15(1): 1-15. (doi)
- Sheikhzadeh Y, AV Roudsari, GR Vahidi, A. Emrouznejad, S. Dastgiri (2012). Public and Private Hospital Services Reform Using Data Envelopment Analysis to Measure Technical, Scale, Allocative, and Cost Efficiencies. Health Promotion Perspectives, 2 (1): 28-41. (doi)
- Zerafat Angiz L, M., A. Emrouznejad and A. Mustafa (2012). Fuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis: A Discrete Approach. Expert Systems with Applications 39(3): 2263–2269. (doi).
- Ho, W., A. Emrouznejad, T. He, C. K. Man Lee (2012). Strategic logistics outsourcing: An integrated QFD and fuzzy AHP approach. Expert Systems with Applications, 39 (12): 10841-10850. (doi).
- Giraleas, D. , A. Emrouznejad, E. Thanassoulis (2012) Productivity change using growth accounting and frontier-based approaches – Evidence from a Monte Carlo analysis. European Journal of Operational Research, 222 (3): 673-683. (doi)
- Amirteimoori, A. and A. Emrouznejad (2012). Optimal input/output reduction in production processes, Decision Support Systems, 52(3): 742–747. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A., M. Rostamy-Malkhalifeh., A. Hatami-Marbini, and M. Tavana (2012). General and Multiplicative Non-Parametric Corporate Performance Models with Interval Ratio Data. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 36 (11): 5506-5514. (doi)
- Amirteimoori, A. and A. Emrouznejad (2012). On classifying inputs and outputs in data envelopment analysis. Applied Mathematics Letters, 25 (11): 1625-1628. (doi)
- Amirteimoori, A. and A. Emrouznejad (2011). Flexible measures in production process: A DEA-based approach. RAIRO Operations Research 45(1): 63-74. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A., M. Rostamy-Malkhalifeh, A. Hatami-Marbini, M. Tavana, N. Aghayi (2011). An overall profit Malmquist productivity index with fuzzy and interval data. Mathematical and Computer Modelling 54(11-12): 2827–2838. (doi)
- Osman, I. H., L. N. Berbary, Y. Sidani, B. Al-Ayoubi and A. Emrouznejad (2011). Data Envelopment Analysis model for the appraisal and relative performance evaluation of nurses at an intensive care unit. Journal of Medical Systems 35(5): 1039–1062. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. and P. K. Dey (2011). Performance measurement in the health sector using frontier efficiency methodologies and multi-criteria decision making. Journal of Medical Systems 35(5): 977-97. (doi)
- Matin, R. K. and A. Emrouznejad (2011). An integer-valued Data Envelopment Analysis model with bounded outputs. International Transactions in Operational Research 18(6): 741–749. (doi)
- Amin, G. R. and A. Emrouznejad (2011). Parametric aggregation in ordered weighted averaging. International Journal of Approximate Reasoning 52(6): 819–827. (doi)
- Kthiri, W., A. Emrouznejad, Y. Boujelbene and M. N. Ouertani (2011). A framework for performance evaluation of employment offices: a case of Tunisia. International Journal of Applied Decision Sciences 4(1): 16-33. (doi)
- Amirteimoori, A. and A. Emrouznejad (2011). Input/output deterioration in production processes. Expert Systems with Applications 38(5): 5822-5825. (doi)
- Amin, G. R. and A. Emrouznejad (2011). Optimizing search engines results using linear programming. Expert Systems with Applications 38(9): 11534–11537. (doi)
- Hatami-Marbini, A., A. Emrouznejad and M. Tavana (2011). A taxonomy and review of the fuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis literature: Two decades in the making. European Journal of Operational Research 214(3): 457–472. (doi)
- Amin, G. R., A. Emrouznejad and S. Rezaei (2011). Some clarifications on the DEA clustering approach. European Journal of Operational Research 215(2): 498–501. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. (2010). SAS/OWA: Ordered weighted averaging in SAS optimization. Soft Computing 14(4): 379-386. (doi )
- Zerafat Angiz L, M., A. Emrouznejad, A. Mustafa and A. S. Al-Eraqi (2010). Aggregating preference ranking with fuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis. Knowledge-Based Systems 23(6): 512-519. (doi)
- Amin, G. R. and A. Emrouznejad (2010). Finding relevant search engines results: A minimax linear programming approach. Journal of the Operational Research Society 61(7): 1144-1150. (doi)
- Gholami, R., D. A. Higón, P. Hanafizadeh and A. Emrouznejad (2010). Is ICT the key to development? Journal of Global Information Management 18(1): 66-83. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. and G. R. Amin (2010). Improving minimax disparity model to determine the OWA operator weights. Information Sciences 180(8): 1477-1485. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A., E. Cabanda and R. Gholami (2010). An alternative measure of the ICT-Opportunity Index. Information and Management 47(4): 246-254. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. and E. Thanassoulis (2010). Measurement of productivity index with dynamic DEA. International Journal of Operational Research 8(2): 247-260. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. and E. Cabanda (2010). An aggregate measure of financial ratios using a multiplicative DEA model. International Journal of Financial Services Management 4(2): 114 - 126. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. and A. L. Anouze (2010). Data Envelopment Analysis with classification and regression tree - A case of banking efficiency. Expert Systems 27(4): 231-246. (doi)
- Zerafat Angiz L, M., A. Emrouznejad and A. Mustafa (2010). Fuzzy assessment of performance of a decision making units using DEA: A non-radial approach. Expert Systems with Applications 37(7): 5153-5157. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A., G. R. Amin, E. Thanassoulis and A. L. Anouze (2010). On the boundedness of the SORM DEA models with negative data. European Journal of Operational Research 206(1): 265-268. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A., A. L. Anouze and E. Thanassoulis (2010). A semi-oriented radial measure for measuring the efficiency of decision making units with negative data, using DEA. European Journal of Operational Research 200(1): 297-304. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. and K. De Witte (2010). COOPER-framework: A unified process for non-parametric projects. European Journal of Operational Research 207(3): 1573-1586. (doi)
- Zerafat Angiz L, M., A. Mustafa and A. Emrouznejad (2010). Ranking efficient decision-making units in Data Envelopment Analysis using fuzzy concept. Computers and Industrial Engineering 59(4): 712-719. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. and R. D. Banker (2010). Efficiency and productivity: Theory and applications. Annals of Operations Research 173(1): 1-3. (doi)
- Kirigia, J. M., Omer A. Mensah, C Mwikisa, E. Z. Asbu, A. Emrouznejad, P. Makoudode and A. Hounnankan (2010). Technical Efficiency of Zone Hospitals in Benin. The African Health Monitor, 12: 30-39. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A., V. V. Podinovski and E. Thanassoulis (2009). Data Envelopment Analysis: Theory and Applications. Journal of the Operational Research Society 60(11): 1467-1468. (doi)
- Mulwa, M. R., A. Emrouznejad and F. M. Murithi (2009). Impact of liberalization on efficiency and productivity of sugar industry in Kenya. Journal of Economic Studies 36(3): 250-264. (doi)
- Mulwa, R., A. Emrouznejad and L. Muhammad (2009). Economic efficiency of smallholder maize producers in Western Kenya: A DEA meta-frontier analysis. International Journal of Operational Research 4(3): 250-267. (doi)
- Ho, W. and A. Emrouznejad (2009). Multi-criteria logistics distribution network design using SAS/OR. Expert Systems with Applications 36(3 - Part 2): 7288-7298. (doi)
- Zerafat Angiz L, M., A. Emrouznejad, A. Mustafa and A. Rashidi Komijan (2009). Selecting the most preferable alternatives in a group decision making problem using DEA. Expert Systems with Applications 36(5): 9599-9602. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. and E. Shale (2009). A combined neural network and DEA for measuring efficiency of large scale datasets. Computers and Industrial Engineering 56(1): 249-254. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. and G. R. Amin (2009). DEA models for ratio data: Convexity consideration. Applied Mathematical Modelling 33(1): 486-498. (doi)
- Ho, W. and A. Emrouznejad (2009). A mathematical model for assembly line balancing model to consider disordering sequence of workstations. Assembly Automation 29(1): 49-51. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A., B. R. Parker and G. Tavares (2008). Evaluation of research in efficiency and productivity: A survey and analysis of the first 30 years of scholarly literature in DEA. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 42(3): 151-157. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. (2008). MP-OWA: The most preferred OWA operator. Knowledge-Based Systems 21(8): 847-851. (doi)
- Kirigia, J. M., A. Emrouznejad, B. Cassoma, E. Z. Asbu and S. Barry (2008). A performance assessment method for hospitals: The case of municipal hospitals in Angola. Journal of Medical Systems 32(6): 509-519. (doi)
- Kirigia, J. M., A. Emrouznejad R. G. Vaz, H. Bastiene and J. Padayachy (2008). A comparative assessment of performance and productivity of health centres in Seychelles. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management 57(1): 72-92. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. and A. L. Anouze (2010). A note on the modeling the efficiency of top Arab banks. Expert Systems with Applications 36(3): 5741-5744. (doi)
- Amin, G. R. and A. Emrouznejad (2007). A note on DEA models in technology selection: An improvement of Karsak and Ahiska's approach. International Journal of Production Research 45(10): 2313-2316. (doi)
- Amin, G. R. and A. Emrouznejad (2007). Inverse linear programming in DEA. International Journal of Operations Research 4(2): 105-109. (doi)
- Kirigia, J. M., Z. Asbu, W. Greene and A. Emrouznejad (2007). Technical efficiency, efficiency change, technical progress and productivity growth in the national health systems of continental African countries. Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review 32(2): 12. (doi)
- Amin, G. R. and A. Emrouznejad (2007). Inverse forecasting: A new approach for predictive modeling. Computers and Industrial Engineering 53(3): 491-498. (doi)
- Masiye, F., J. M. Kirigia, A. Emrouznejad, L. G. Sambo, A. Mounkaila, D. Chimfwembe and D. Okello (2006). Efficient management of health centres human resources in Zambia. Journal of Medical Systems 30(6): 473-481. (doi)
- Amin, G. R. and A. Emrouznejad (2006). An extended minimax disparity to determine the OWA operator weights. Computers and Industrial Engineering 50(3): 312-316. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. (2005). Measurement efficiency and productivity in SAS/OR. Computers and Operations Research 32(7): 1665-1683. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. and E. Thanassoulis (2005). A mathematical model for dynamic efficiency using Data Envelopment Analysis. Applied Mathematics and Computation 160(2): 363-378. (doi)
- Kirigia, J. M., A. Emrouznejad, L. G. Sambo, N. Munguti and W. Liambila (2004). Using Data Envelopment Analysis to measure the technical efficiency of public health centers in Kenya. Journal of Medical Systems 28(1): 155-166. (doi)
- Field, K. and A. Emrouznejad (2003). Measuring the performance of neonatal care units in Scotland. Journal of Medical Systems 27(4): 315-324. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. (2003). An alternative DEA measure: A case of OECD countries. Applied Economics Letters 10(12): 779-782. (doi)
- Kirigia, J. M., A. Emrouznejad, and L. G. Sambo (2002). Measurement of technical efficiency of public hospitals in Kenya: Using Data Envelopment Analysis. Journal of Medical Systems 26(1): 39-45. (doi)
Book Chapters and Papers in Proceedings:
- Charles, V., A. Emrouznejad and T. Gherman (2022) Strategy Formulation and Service Operations in the Big Data Age: The Essentialness of Technology, People, and Ethics. In: Emrouznejad and Charles (2022). Big Data and Blockchain for Service Operations Management, Springer International Publishing. (doi)
- Charles, V., T. Gherman and A. Emrouznejad (2022) Characteristics and trends in big data for service operations management research: A blend of descriptive statistics and bibliometric analysis. In: Emrouznejad and Charles (2022). Big Data and Blockchain for Service Operations Management, Springer International Publishing. (doi)
- Charles, V., T. Gherman and A. Emrouznejad (2022) The role of composite indices in international economic diplomacy. In: Charles and Emrouznejad (2022). Modern Indices for International Economic Diplomacy, Palgrave Macmillan. (doi)
- Gandomi, A.H., A. Emrouznejad, and I. Rahimi (2020) Evolutionary Computation in Scheduling: A Scientometric Analysis. In: Gandomi et al. (2020). Evolutionary Computation in Scheduling, Wiley Publisher. (doi)
- Rahimi I., A. Ahmadi, A. F. Zobaa, A. Emrouznejad, S. H. E. Abdel Aleem (2018) Big data optimization in electric power systems, in Zobaa et al. (eds) Classical and Recent Aspects of Power System Optimization, Elsevier (doi)
- Charles V., and Emrouznejad, A., (2018) Big Data for the Greater Good: An Introduction. In: Emrouznejad A., Charles V. (eds) Big Data for the Greater Good. Studies in Big Data, vol 42. Springer, (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. and W. Ho (2017) Analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy set theory”, in Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process, 1:10, Taylor & Francis Group. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A., M. Marra (2017) Big data: Who, what and where? Social, cognitive and journals map of big data publication, in A. Emrouznejad (ed.), Big Data Optimization: Recent Developments and Challenges, Studies in Big Data 17, (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. and E. Thanassoulis (2015). Introduction to Performance Improvement Management Software (PIM-DEA). in Osman et al. (Eds.) Handbook of Research on Strategic Performance Management and Measurement Using Data Envelopment Analysis: 256-275. IGI Global, USA. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. and E. Cabanda (2015). Introduction to Data Envelopment Analysis and its applications, in Osman et al. (Eds.) Handbook of Research on Strategic Performance Management and Measurement Using Data Envelopment Analysis: 235-255. IGI Global, USA. (doi)
- Masiye F., C. Mphuka and A. Emrouznejad (2014). Estimating the efficiency of healthcare facilities providing HIV/AIDS treatment in Zambia: a data envelopment approach, Chapter 4 in International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, Volume 215: 55-66 Springer-Verlag. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. and E. Cabanda (2014). Managing Service Productivity using Data Envelopment Analysis, Chapter 1 in International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, Volume 215: 1-18 Springer-Verlag. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A., M. Tavana, A. Hatami-Marbini (2014) The State of the Art in Fuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis”, in Performance Measurement with Fuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis published in Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing 309: 1:48, Springer-Verlag. (doi)
- Yang G. L., A. Emrouznejad, W. B. Liu, L. Y. Yang (2014) DEA model without explicit inputs with majority preference in Proceedings of the 8th International Conference of DEA, April 2014, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. (doi)
- Kthiri, W. and A. Emrouznejad (2010). TFP Change in Tunisian public employment offices in Proceedings of the 8th International Conference of DEA, June 2010, American University of Beirut, Lebanon. (doi)
- Matin, R. K. and A. Emrouznejad (2010). Data Envelopment Analysis with bounded outputs: An investigation in the Integer-valued in Proceedings of the 8th International Conference of DEA, June 2010, American University of Beirut, Lebanon. (doi)
- Amin, G. R. and A. Emrouznejad (2009). Determining More Realistic OWA Weights. in IEEE Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery: 181:185. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. and G. R. Amin (2009). Document Similarity: A New Measure using OWA. in IEEE Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery: 186:190. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. (2008). Ordered weight averaging in SAS: An MCDM application. in Proceedings of the 33rd SAS International Conference, March 2008, San Antonio, Texas, USA. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. (2006). Back-propagation DEA in Proceedings of the International Conference on Data Mining, June 2006, World Congress in Computer Sciences, Nevada, USA. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. (2005). A multi-period optimization model for comparison of Decision Making Units. in Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Modelling, Simulation and Applied Optimization, February 2005, American University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. (2002). A SAS application for measuring efficiency and productivity of Decision Making Units in Proceeding of the 27th SAS International Conference, pp. 259-27, April 2002, Florida, USA. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. (2002). The assessment of higher education institutions using dynamic DEA: A case study in UK universities in Proceeding of the International DEA Conference, pp. 118-128, June 2002, Moscow, Russia. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. (2000). An Extension to SAS/OR for decision system support in Proceeding of SAS Users Group International, 25th Annual Conference, April 2000, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. (doi)
Working Papers:
- Emrouznejad, A. E. Thanassoulis (2011). Performance improvement management software PIM-DEAsoft-V3.0 User Guide. Aston Business School Research, Aston University, Birmingham, UK. ISBN: 978 1 85449 412 2. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. and K. De Witte (2010). COOPER-framework: A unified process for non-parametric projects. Tier Working Paper Series. 05(3): pp. 1-32. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A., E. Cabanda and R. Gholami (2009). Measuring information society with linear programming. Aston Business School Research Papers RP0909: pp. 1-24, Aston University, Birmingham, UK. (doi)
- Gholami, R., P. Hanafizadeh, A. Emrouznejad, L. Agheli (2008). Information and communication technology (ICT) and human development. Aston Business School Research Papers RP0801: pp. 1-20, Aston University, Birmingham, UK. (doi)
- Gholami, R., A. Emrouznejad and H. Schmidt (2008). The impact of ICT on productivity of airline industry, Aston Business School Research Papers: pp. 1-33, Birmingham, Aston University, UK. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A., B.R. Parker, G. Tavares (2007). Investigation of research in DEA literature, Aston Business School Research Papers RP0732: pp. 1-33, Aston University, Birmingham, UK. (doi)
- Johnes G. & J., P. Lenton, E Thanassoulis, A. Emrouznejad (2004). Cost structure of higher education, Lancaster University Working Paper series. (doi)
- Kirigia J. M., A. Emrouznejad and L. G. Sambo (2001). Measurement of technical efficiency of public hospitals in Kenya using Data Envelopment Analysis approach, working paper 340, Warwick Business School, Warwick University, UK. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. and E. Thanassoulis (1997). An extensive bibliography of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Volume III: Supplement 1, Working paper 258, Warwick Business School, Warwick University, UK. (doi)
- Thanassoulis, E., A. Emrouznejad (1996). Warwick Windows DEA software, User's Guide. Warwick University, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK, Warwick Business School. ISBN: 0 902610 63 5. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. and E Thanassoulis (1996). Assessing dynamic efficiency using Data Envelopment Analysis. Working Paper 243, Warwick Business School, Warwick University, UK. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. and E. Thanassoulis (1996). An extensive bibliography of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Volume II: Journals papers, Working Papers 245, Warwick Business School, Warwick University, UK. (doi)
- Emrouznejad, A. and E Thanassoulis (1996). An extensive bibliography of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Volume I: Working papers. Working Paper 244, Warwick Business School, Warwick University, UK. (doi)
Official Reports:
- Safdar, K. J., A. Emrouznejad, P. K. Dey (2016). Queue assessment in a busy public hospital of a developing country: an application using Data Envelopment Analysis. IFORS News, June 2016: 18-19. (doi)
- Safdar, K. J., A. Emrouznejad, P. K. Dey (2016). Queue assessment in a busy public hospital of a developing country: an application using Data Envelopment Analysis, Inside OR, April 2016: 17-18. (doi)
- Johnes G. & J., P. Lenton, E Thanassoulis, A. Emrouznejad (2005). An exploratory analysis of the cost structure of higher education in England, Research Report 641: pp. 1-110, Published by Department for Education and Skills (DfES), ISBN: 1 84478 484 3. (doi)
- Contribution to publication of the followings as result of research/analysis for performance indicators in higher education within Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) during 1998 to 2002. All reports are available at https://www.hesa.ac.uk/pi. These reports are now regular publications of HESA.